Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Contributors xiii
Domestic Water Supply
The Arsenic Drinking Water Crisis in Bangladesh 1
Bottled Water 3
Corrosion Control in Drinking Water Systems 5
Economics of Residential Water Demands 12
Gray Water Reuse in Households 16
Water and Human Health 19
Nitrate Health Effects 30
Domestic Water Supply-Public-Private Partnership 42
Methods of Reducing Radon in Drinking Water 51
Water Reuse 53
Roof Drainage Hydraulics 54
Septic Tank Systems 61
Domestic Solar Water Heaters 63
Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage 67
Virus Transport in the Subsurface 70
Windmills 73
Municipal Water Supply
Mixing and Agitation in Water Treatment Systems 76
Arsenic in Natural Waters 81
Evaluation of Microbial Components of Biofouling 83
Threat Agents and Water Biosecurity 87
Granular Activated Carbon 92
Competitive Adsorption of Several Organics and Heavy Metals on Activated Carbon in Water 107
A Real-Time Hydrological Information System for Cities 121
Chlorine and Chlorine Residuals 127
Modeling Chlorine Residuals in Urban Water Distribution Systems 131
Particulate Matter Removal by Coagulation 137
Selective Coagulant Recovery from Water Treatment Plant Residuals Using the Domain Membrane Process 139
Physical Water Conditioning 141
Consumer Confidence Reports 145
Water Conservation Measures 146
Preventing Well Contamination 149
Corrosion Control 152
Cross Connection and Backflow Prevention 155
Molecular-Based Detection of Cryptosporidium Parvum in Water 158
Cryptosporidium 162
Measuring Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocyst Inactivation Following Disinfection With Ultraviolet Light 165
Dechlorination 169
Desalination 170
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration for Drinking Water 174
Emerging Waterborne Infectious Diseases 177
Improving Waterborne Disease Surveillance 183
Disinfectants 192
Disinfection 196
Water Distribution System Operation 200
Water Quality in Distribution Systems 204
Design of Water Distribution Systems 207
What is in Our Drinking Water? 213
The Economics of Water Resources Allocation 215
Answering the Challenge 218
Key Causes of Drinking Water Quality Failure in a Rural Small Water Supply of South Africa 221
Filtration 227
Water Filtration 230
Filtration With Granular Media 233
Slow Sand Filtration and the Impact of Schmutzdecke 235
Multistage Drinking Water Filtration 237
Multistage Filtration: An Innovative Water Treatment Technology 238
Particulate Matter Removal by Filtration and Sedimentation 243
Filtration Water Treatment 245
Synthetic and Natural Organic Removal by Biological Filtration 248
Granular Bed and Precoat Filtration 249
Flocculation 252
Fluoridation 254
Giardiasis 257
Gravity Separation/Sedimentation 259
Water Hammer 261
Health Effects of Commonly Occurring Disinfection Byproducts in Municipal Water Supplies 264
Health Effects of Microbial Contaminants and Biotoxins in Drinking Water 277
Drinking Water and Public Health Protection 281
1962 U.S. Public Health Service Standards 292
Ion Exchange and Demineralization 297
The State of the Water Industry-2004 301
Iron and Manganese Removal 312
Extraterritorial Land Use Control to Protect Water Supplies 315
Leak Detection and Water Loss Control 317
Lime-Soda Ash Processes 320
Lime Softening 322
Ion Exchange-Use of Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin For DOC Removal 325
Membrane Filtration 331
Water Meters 337
Microbiological Concerns of Drinking Water Distribution Systems 341
Nitrification of Potable Water Using Trickling Filters 346
Organic Removal 350
Ozone 354
Ozone With Activated Carbon for Drinking Water Treatment 357
Ozone-Bromide Interactions 357
Municipal Water Supply: Ozonation 362
Review of Parasite Fate and Transport in Karstic Aquifers 365
Particulate Removal 370
Pharmaceuticals in Water Systems 372
Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Systems (POU/POE) 378
Assessing the Bactericidal Efficiency of Polydex for the Disinfection of Drinking Water in Rural Areas of South Africa 382
Private Sector Participation, Marketing and Corporate Strategies in Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage 387
Pumps 391
Radionuclides 395
Use of Redox Potentials in Wastewater Treatment 399
Repairing Distribution Line Breaks 400
Role of Small Water Reservoirs in Environment 403
Reservoirs, Towers, and Tanks Drinking Water Storage Facilities 408
Water Treatment Plant Residuals Management 411
Reverse Osmosis, Process Chemistry 414
Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Foulants 416
Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Cleaning 419
Application of Risk Assessments in Crafting Drinking Water Regulations 422
Potential Risks of Waterborne Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 429
Slow Sand Filtration 431
Approaches for Securing a Water Distribution System 434
Water Security: An Emerging Issue 437
Guide to Selection of Water Treatment Processes 439
Source Water Assessment 444
Hydraulic Design of Water Distribution Storage Tanks 448
System Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 449
Settling Tanks 452
Treatment for Technologies for Small Drinking Water Systems 457
Ultraviolet Disinfection 466
Ultraviolet Irradiation 469
Water Disinfection Using UV Radiation-A Sri Lankan Experience 471
Drinking Water Quality Standards (DWQS)-United States 476
Valves 482
Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoa 485
Water Meter 489
Municipal Watersheds 495
Public Water Supply World 500
Ten Key Trends That Will Shape the Future of the World Water Industry 508
Zebra Mussel Control Without Chemicals 510
Package Plants 514
Anaerobic Sewage Treatment 517
Persistence of Pathogens in Water 521
Well Head Protection 524
Chemical Drinking Water Standards, Past, Present, and Future 529
Industrial Water
Magnetic Water Conditioning 534
Water Impacts from Construction Sites 537
Industrial Cooling Water-Biofouling 538
Industrial Cooling Water-Corrosion 542
Industrial Cooling Water-Scale Formation 545
Economics of Industrial Water Demands 549
Electric Generating Plants-Effects of Contaminants 553
Energy Dissipation 558
Water Use in Energy Production 560
Evaluation of Toxic Properties of Industrial Effluents by on-Line Respirometry 565
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 571
Hydrocarbon Treatment Techniques 575
Use of Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment Systems for Maize Processing Plants 581
Bonding of Toxic Metal Ions 586
Application of Microfiltration to Industrial Wastewaters 591
Water Treatment in Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage 595
Industrial Mine Use: Mine Waste 609
Sugarcane Industry Wastewaters Treatment 614
Estimated Use of Water in The United States in 1990 Industrial Water Use 620
Waste Water Treatment
Aeration 623
Fine Bubble Diffused Air Aeration Systems 626
Air Stripping 631
Land Applications of Wastewater in Arid Lands: Theory and Case Studies 632
Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Water Sources 636
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 639
Molecular Biology Tools for Monitoring Biodiversity in Wastewater Treatment Plants 642
Biosolids 646
Integrated Capacity Building Needs for Water Supply and Wastewater Sanitation 651
Wastewater Characterization 656
Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment of Wastewater 659
Getting Our Clean Water Act Together 660
Inadequate Treatment of Wastewater: A Source of Coliform Bacteria in Receiving Surface Water Bodies in Developing Countries-Case Study: Eastern Cape Province of South Africa 661
Denitrification in The Activated Sludge Process 667
Detergents 669
Ecological Wastewater Management 675
Waste Treatment in Fish Farms 681
Flotation as A Separation Process 684
Degradation of Chloro-Organics and Hydrocarbons 688
Landfill 695
Landfill Leachates, Part I: Origin and Characterization 699
Landfill Leachates: Part 2: Treatment 702
Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Polychlorinated Biphenyls 714
Wastewater Management for Developing Countries 718
Mercury Removal From Complex Waste Waters 722
Metal Speciation and Mobility as Influenced by Landfill Disposal Practices 723
Microbial Foaming in the Activated Sludge Process 728
Introduction to Wastewater Modeling and Treatment Plant Design 730
Practical Applications of Wastewater Modeling and Treatment Plant Design 738
New York City Harbor Survey 745
Nitrification in the Activated Sludge Process 751
Effluent Limitations and the NPDES Permit 755
Odor Abatement in Wastewater Treatment Plants 760
Aqueous Reactions of Specific Organic Compounds with Ozone 765
The Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in The Wastewater Treatment Process 766
The Role of Organoclay in Water Cleanup 771
Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment 782
Biological Phosphorus Removal in the Activated Sludge Process 788
Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors in Water Purification 791
EPA's National Pretreatment Program, 1973-2003: Thirty Years of Protecting The Environment 798
Problems Encountered During Pipe Repair and Renewal 801
Radioactive Waste 802
Reclaimed Water 805
Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Technologies 808
Wastewater Treatment Processes and Water Reuse 814
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Research 819
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 825
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Treatment Technology 826
Sewage 828
Domestic Sewage 830
Solidification/Stabilization of Hazardous Solid Wastes 835
Wastewater Treatment-Small Scale 840
Microbial Foaming and Bulking in Activated Sludge Plants 844
Aqueous Behavior of Elements in a Flue Gas Desulfurization Sludge Disposal Site 848
Sludge Treatment and Disposal 853
Wastewater Sludge 861
Processing of Sludge 864
Municipal Storm Water Management 866
What Wastewater Utilities Can Do Now to Guard Against Terrorist and Security Threats 870
Wastewater Treatment Techniques-Advanced 871
Trenchless Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques 876
Basics of Underground Water and Sewer Pipeline Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation 883
Water Hammer: Quantitative Causes and Effects 891
Constructed Wetlands 892
Using Ecosystem Processes in a Constructed Wetland to Treat Mine Wastewater in Ireland 897
Water and Wastewater Properties and Characteristics 900
Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 904
Sewerage Odors-How to Control 910
Ultrafiltration-Complexation in Wastewater Treatment 916
Index 923
