List of Contributors ix
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
Hai Lei, Chao Zhu, Jiexiang Li, Hanyu Zhou, Xiangjin Lu, Xizhuo Chen, Yue Yang
1.1 Production Volume and Distribution of Spent LIBs 1
1.2 Strategic Significance of Spent LIBs Recycling 3
1.3 Global Industrialization Landscape of Spent LIBs Recycling 4
1.4 Full-chain Technological Process for High-value Recycling of Spent LIBs 5
1.5 Overview of Global Progress in LIBs Recycling 6
2 Pretreatment 11
Shuaiqi Gong, Penghui Shi
2.1 Battery Structure and Classification 11
2.1.1 The Core Structure of Cell 11
2.1.2 Classified by Shape Structure: Cylindrical, Square, and Soft Bag (Polymer) 12
2.1.3 Factors Influencing the Selection of Shape Structure 18
2.1.4 Demands Analysis of Battery Assembly Process for Spent Battery Recycling 19
2.2 Detection and Evaluation 20
2.2.1 Physical Testing Methods 20
2.2.2 Chemical Testing Methods 22
2.2.3 Electrochemical Testing Methods 24
2.2.4 Comparison and Analysis of Detection Technologies 26
2.3 Safe Discharge 31
2.3.1 Physical Discharge Method 32
2.3.2 Chemical Discharge Method 33
2.4 Disassembly and Crushing 37
2.4.1 CMP Structure Battery Pack Disassembly 37
2.4.2 Battery Cell Collection 38
2.4.3 Fragmentation 39
2.5 Material Sorting 43
2.5.1 Screening and Pneumatic Separation 43
2.5.2 Electromagnetic Separation 45
2.5.3 Flotation 48
2.5.4 Other Sorting Methods 50
2.6 Summary 51
3 Cascaded Utilization 57
Zeyu Dong, Gaoyun Tan, Zihao Lu, Yunpeng Wen, Runxuan Chen, Xizhuo Chen, Yue Yang
3.1 The Hub of Resource Recycling and Economic Benefits 57
3.2 Resource Efficiency and Low-carbon Transition Cornerstone 57
3.3 Safety Compliance and Systemic Necessity 58
3.4 Sorting of Retired LIBs 59
3.5 Sorting and Reconfiguration 60
3.6 Equalization Technology 64
3.7 Safety Management Technology 66
3.8 Safety Management Development Needs: Development of Highly Compatible BMS Systems 68
3.9 Application Scenarios for Cascading Use (Echelon Utilization) 68
3.10 Chapter Summary 70
4 Metallurgical Extraction Techniques 75
Xuejing Qiu, Peixiang Gao, Yimeng Zhang, Lingling Xie, Limin Zhu, Xiaoyu Cao
4.1 Pyrometallurgical Extraction Techniques 75
4.1.1 Application of Pyrometallurgical Recycling in the Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) 75
4.1.2 Analysis of Pyrometallurgical Recovery Technology for LFP 76
4.1.3 Application of Pyrometallurgical Recycling in the Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2, LCO) 77
4.1.4 Analysis of Pyrometallurgical Recovery Technology for LCO 79
4.1.5 Application of Pyrometallurgical Recovery in Ternary Batteries 80
4.1.6 Analysis of Pyrometallurgical Recovery Technology for NCM 82
4.1.7 Application of Pyrometallurgical Recycling in Solid-state Batteries 82
4.1.8 Analysis of Pyrometallurgical Recovery for Solid-state Technology 84
4.1.9 Demand for Pyrometallurgical Recycling Technology Targeting Cathode Materials from Spent LIBs 85
4.2 Hydrometallurgical Extraction Technology 86
4.2.1 Application of Hydrometallurgical Recycling in the LFP 86Contents vii
4.2.2 Analysis of Hydrometallurgical Recycling for LFP 94
4.2.3 Application of Hydrometallurgical Recycling for LCO 95
4.2.4 Technical Analysis of the Hydrometallurgical Process for LCO Recovery 98
4.2.5 Application of Hydrometallurgical Recycling for Ternary Battery 99
4.2.6 Analysis of Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Ternary Cathode Materials 110
4.2.7 Application of Hydrometallurgical Recovery for Solid-state Batteries 111
4.2.8 Analysis of Hydrometallurgical Recycling for Solid-state Batteries 112
4.2.9 Demand for Hydrometallurgical Recycling for Cathode Materials from Spent LIBs 114
4.3 Metallurgical Recycling Development Trends Across Different Battery Systems 116
4.3.1 LFP Batteries 116
4.3.2 Ternary LIB 118
4.3.3 LCO Batteries 119
4.3.4 Solid-state Battery 121
4.4 Chapter Summary 122
4.4.1 Demand for Pyrometallurgical Recycling Technology 122
4.4.2 Demand for Hydrometallurgical Recycling Technology 123
5 Direct Regeneration Technologies 129
Binglei Jiao, Zhichao Yang, Tiyu Jiao, Mengqi Kong, Panpan Xu
5.1 Brief Introduction 129
5.1.1 Direct Regeneration of Spent Cathode Materials 129
5.2 Direct Regeneration of Spent Graphite Anode 158
5.2.1 Low-temperature Repair Technology 158
5.2.2 High-temperature Graphitization Repair Technology 164
5.3 Final Chapter Summary 168
6 Pollution Prevention and Life Cycle Assessment of Degraded Lithium-ion Battery Recycling 177
Congrui Ouyang, Jin Wang, Wenhao Yu
6.1 Pollution Prevention 177
6.1.1 Current Status of Pollution and Prevention Strategies in Degraded Battery Recycling 178
6.1.2 Pollutants and Pollution Prevention Strategies of Different Recycling Processes 180
6.1.3 Comparative Analysis of Current Battery Recycling Technologies 189
6.1.4 Demands for Battery Recycling 189
6.2 Life Cycle Assessment 197
6.2.1 Current Status of LCA for LIBs 197viii Contents
6.2.2 Comparison of Different LCA Methods 201
6.2.3 Development Trends of LCA Methods 204
6.3 Conclusions 206
References 206
7 Prospects and Outlook 211
Zihao Zeng, Chao Zhu, Hai Lei, Run Ren, Quan Zhang, Jiale Zhang, Peng Ge
7.1 Pretreatment Technologies 211
7.2 Cascade Utilization 213
7.3 Metallurgical Recycling 214
7.3.1 Pyrometallurgical Recovery Technologies 214
7.3.2 Hydrometallurgical Recovery Technologies 216
7.4 Direct Regeneration 218
7.4.1 About the Regeneration of Spent LFP 218
7.4.2 About the Regeneration of Spent LCO 219
7.4.3 About the Regeneration of Spent NCM 220
7.5 About the Pollution Controlling and All-life Cycling Assessments 222
8 Conclusion 225
Chao Zhu, Hai Lei, Run Ren, Quan Zhang, Jiale Zhang, Zihao Zeng, Peng Ge
Index 229
