Series Preface x
Acknowledgments xii
One Overview of Dyslexia and the Rationale for the TOD(TM) 1
What is Dyslexia? 1
Revising the Definition of Dyslexia 2
Introduction to the TOD 3
Reading and Spelling Skills Affected by Dyslexia 4
Untimed and Timed Word Reading 5
Regular Word Spelling and Irregular Word Reading and Spelling 5
Multiple Linguistic Risk Factors 5
Phonological Awareness 6
Rapid Automatized Naming 6
Auditory Working Memory 8
Orthographic Processing 8
Visual- Verbal Paired Associate Learning 8
Vocabulary and Reasoning 9
Risk and Diagnostic Indexes 9
Clinical Pattern of Dyslexia 11
Rating Scales 11
Family History 12
Early Speech and Language Difficulties 12
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities 12
Dyslexia Interventions and Recommendations Guide 14
Test Yourself 14
Answers 15
References 15
Two General Administration Procedures for the TOD(TM) 18
Getting Ready to Test 19
TOD- Screener (TOD- S) 20
TOD- Comprehensive (TOD- C) and TOD- Early (TOD- E) 20
Confidentiality of Test Materials 22
Free Online Scoring 30
Test Yourself 32
Answers 33
References 33
Three Administration of the TOD- Screener and the TOD- Early 34
TOD- Screener 34
Picture Vocabulary (TOD- 1S) 35
Letter and Word Choice (TOD- 2S) 37
Word Reading Fluency (TOD- 3Sa) 38
Question Reading Fluency (TOD- 3Sb) 39
TOD- Early (TOD- E) 41
Sounds and Pseudowords (TOD- 4E) 41
Rhyming (TOD- 5E) 43
Early Rapid Number and Letter Naming (TOD- 6E) 44
Letter and Sight Word Recognition (TOD- 7E) 46
Early Segmenting (TOD- 8E) 47
Letter and Sound Knowledge (TOD- 9E) 49
Test Yourself 50
Answers 51
Four Administration of the TOD- Comprehensive 52
Organization of the TOD- c 52
Administration and Scoring of the TOD- C Tests 54
Phonological Manipulation (TOD- 4C) 54
Irregular Word Spelling (TOD- 5C) 56
Rapid Letter Naming (TOD- 6C) 57
Pseudoword Reading (TOD- 7C) 58
Word Pattern Choice (TOD- 8C) 59
Word Memory (TOD- 9C) 60
Picture Analogies (TOD- 10C) 61
Irregular Word Reading (TOD- 11C) 62
Oral Reading Efficiency (TOD- 12C) 64
Blending (TOD- 13C) 65
Segmenting (TOD- 14C) 67
Regular Word Spelling (TOD- 15C) 69
Silent Reading Efficiency (TOD- 16C) 70
Rapid Number and Letter Naming (TOD- 17C) 72
Letter Memory (TOD- 18C) 74
Rapid Pseudoword Reading (TOD- 19C) 75
Rapid Irregular Word Reading (TOD- 20C) 76
Symbol to Sound Learning (TOD- 21C) 77
Listening Vocabulary (TOD- 22C) 79
Geometric Analogies (TOD- 23C) 80
Test Yourself 81
Answers 82
Reference 82
Five Understanding and Interpreting The TOD Scores and Comparisons 83
Levels of Interpretation 83
Grade- or Age- Based Norms 85
TOD Scores 86
Communicating Performance Levels 93
Interpreting Standard Score or Percentile Ranges 96
Comparing TOD Scores 97
Importance of Instructional History in Decision- Making and Instructional Planning 99
Using TOD Tests, Composites, and Indexes to Identify Dyslexia Characteristics and/or a Specific Learning Disability in Reading 99
Linking Test Selection to Diagnosis, Recommendations, and Interventions 100
Test Yourself 102
Answers 103
References 104
Six Use of the TOD Rating Scales in the Identification of Dyslexia 105
Descriptions of the TOD Rating Scales 106
Development of the Rating Scales 109
Standardization of the TOD Rating Scales 110
Psychometric Properties of the TOD Rating Scales 111
Administration, Scoring, and Interpreting the TOD Rating Scales 114
Test Yourself 122
Answers 123
References 123
Seven Psychometric Properties of The TOD 125
Pilot Studies 125
Standardization 126
Reliability 130
Validity 134
Independent Research 142
Test Yourself 144
Answers 145
References 145
Eight Using the TOD Results to Inform Interventions 147
Structured Literacy 147
Phonological and Phonemic Awareness 148
Basic Reading Skills 152
Online Instruction and Teacher Training 160
Structural Analysis 161
Reading Fluency 163
Spelling 165
Accommodations 169
Test Yourself 174
Answers 175
References 175
Nine Illustrative Case Reports for The TOD- S and TOD- E 177
Case 1: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 178
Reason for Referral and Background Information 178
Assessment Procedures and Instruments 179
Tests of Dyslexia- Screener (TOD- S) 180
TOD- C Rating Scales 180
Summary and Recommendations 181
Case 2: TOD- S Evaluation 183
Conclusions 186
Case 3: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 187
Reason for Referral and Background Information 187
Assessment Procedures and Instruments 188
Tests of Dyslexia- Screener (TOD- S) 188
TOD- C Self- Rating Scale 190
Summary and Recommendations 190
Case 4: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 191
Reason for Referral and Background Information 192
Tests of Dyslexia- Screener (TOD- S) 194
TOD- E Rating Scales 195
Tests of Dyslexia- Early (TOD- E) 195
Summary and Recommendations 198
Case 5: Psychoeducational Evaluation 200
Reason for Referral 200
Background 200
Behavioral Observations 201
Tests Administered 201
Explanation of Scores and Score Ranges 202
Test Results 202
Indexes 205
TOD- E Parent/Caregiver Rating Scale 206
Summary 206
Diagnostic Impressions 207
Recommendations 207
Test Yourself 210
Answers 211
References 211
Ten Illustrative Case Reports for the TOD¿ C 212
Case 1: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 213
Reason for Referral and Background Information 213
Tests of Dyslexiä Screener (TOD¿ S) and Comprehensive (TOD¿ C) 215
Tests of Dyslexia Rating Scales 217
Summary and Recommendations 217
Case 2: Psychoeducational Evaluation 218
Reason for Referral 219
Background Information 219
Observations 219
Tests Administered 219
TOD¿ C Rating Scales 223
Conclusions 223
Recommendations 223
TOD Test Results 225
Case 3: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 229
Reason for Referral and Background Information 229
Tests of Dyslexiä Screener 231
Tests of Dyslexiä Comprehensive 232
Tests of Dyslexia Rating Scales 239
Summary and Recommendations 240
Classroom and Standardized Testing Accommodation Recommendations 242
Test Yourself 242
Answers 244
References 244
Appendix A Commonly Asked Questions 245
Appendix B Analyzing TOD Score Reports 255
Background 255
Reason for Referral 255
Tests Administered 256
DDI, RSI, and LPI 256
Test Scores within the DDI 257
TOD- C Composite Scores 258
Selecting Tests to Administer 260
Error Analyses 260
TOD- C Rating Scales 261
Conclusions 264
Reason for Referral 269
Tod- S 269
TOD- C Results 270
Parent/Caregiver Rating Scale 272
Appendix C TOD-E and TOD-C Dyslexia Profiles 275
Permission List 283
Index 288
