Testing and the Paradoxes of Fairness

Preface; 1. Introduction to the history of testing; 2. Why tests are so widely disliked; 3. The origins of mental testing in the US military; 4. Testing in grades K-12; 5. Licensing exams: physicians, pilots and teachers as examples; 6. Admission testing for higher education; 7. Tests used for awarding scholarships and prizes; 8. Using student test scores to evaluate teachers: an assessment of value-added modeling; 9. Dividing test scores into subcomponents; 10. On cost functions in testing; 11. Evidence in science: what data can we trust?; 12. Testing zombies; 13. Coda; References; Index.