Preface xxv
1 Exploring Blockchain Solutions in Healthcare Data Management and Patient Data Privacy 1
Hamed Taherdoost
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Healthcare Data Challenges 3
1.3 Fundamentals of Blockchain 5
1.4 Blockchain in Healthcare 5
1.5 Ensuring Data Integrity 7
1.6 Access Control and Permissioned Blockchains 9
1.7 Privacy-Enhancing Features 10
1.8 Interoperability and Data Sharing 11
1.9 Future Trends 12
1.10 Summary 14
References 14
2 Revolutionizing Pharmaceuticals: Harnessing Blockchain for Industry Solutions 19
Navjot Singh Talwandi, Shanu Khare and Payal Thakur
2.1 Introduction to Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 20
2.2 Foundations of the Pharmaceutical Industry 20
2.3 Blockchain Basics for Pharma 22
2.4 Key Features of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical 25
2.5 Application of Blockchain in Drug Development 26
2.6 Supply Chain Management with Blockchain 27
2.7 Smart Contracts in Pharmaceuticals 28
2.8 Data Sharing and Interoperability 30
2.9 Challenges and Concerns in Implementing Blockchain 32
2.10 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical 33
2.11 Security and Privacy Considerations 34
2.12 Regulatory Compliance in Blockchain for Pharmaceuticals 35
2.13 Blockchain and Patient Empowerment 36
2.14 Future Trends and Innovations 37
2.15 Conclusion: The Future Landscape of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 38
References 39
3 Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management 41
Mohammed Majeed, Charles Asare, Beulah Hilda Walden, Nana Arko Cole, Kwame Ntim Sekyere and Bernard Ofosu Boateng
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Contribution of the Chapter 43
3.3 Literature 44
3.4 Types of BC 44
3.5 Pharmaceutical Industry 46
3.6 BC Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management 47
3.7 Theoretical Foundation of the Study and the Research Framework 50
3.8 Technology-Organization-Environment Framework 50
3.9 Technology 50
3.10 Organization 51
3.11 Environment 51
3.12 Implications 52
3.13 Conclusion 53
References 53
4 Healthcare Records Maintenance in Smart Cities for Healthcare 4.0: A Approach with Block Chain 59
Rohit Rastogi, Rayush Jain, Prabhinav Mishra and Mohd Shahjahan
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Literature Review 63
4.3 Methodology 67
4.4 Result and Discussion 69
4.5 Novelties 77
4.6 Conclusions 78
References 78
Additional Readings 79
Annexure 79
5 Evaluation of Blockchain and IoT Technology's Impact on the Pharmaceutical Sector 81
Sampurna Panda, Rakesh Kumar and Ranjeet Singh Tomar
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Overview of IoT 82
5.3 Blockchain Overview 83
5.4 Analyzing the Impact of Blockchain and the Internet of Things on the Pharmaceutical Sector 83
5.5 A Pharmaceutical Supply Chain for COVID-19 Empowered by Blockchain and the IoT 91
5.6 Conclusion 93
References 94
6 Pharma-RBT: Blockchain-Enabled Solution for PII-Protected Drug Trails in the Pharmaceutical Industry 97
Sai Shibu N. B., Rohit Mathew Samuel, Neeraj Chowdary Vipparla and Nidhin Mahesh A.
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Related Work 100
6.3 Introduction to Blockchain Technology 104
6.4 Proposed Architecture for Blockchain + Pharma 106
6.5 Implementation of Pharma-RBT 109
6.6 Performance Evaluations 119
6.7 Conclusion 120
References 120
7 Transforming the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain with Blockchain 123
K. Vidhya Lakshmi and S. Thanga Ramya
7.1 The Current State of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 123
7.2 Blockchain's Role in Enhancing Traceability 125
7.3 Combating Counterfeiting with Blockchain 127
7.4 Streamlining Compliance through Smart Contracts 128
7.5 Enhancing Data Security and Privacy 130
7.6 Improving Supply Chain Efficiency and Collaboration 140
7.7 Overcoming Challenges and Adoption Barriers 142
7.8 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 145
7.9 The Future of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 147
7.10 Conclusion 149
References 149
8 Automating and Streamlining Drug Payments Through Smart Contracts 153
Harpreet Kaur Channi and Pulkit Kumar
8.1 Introduction 154
8.2 Overview of Drug Payments in Healthcare 156
8.3 Smart Contracts: A Primer 158
8.4 The Role of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments 160
8.5 Implementing Smart Contracts in Healthcare Systems 161
8.6 Case Studies: Successful Implementation of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments 163
8.7 Challenges and Solutions 166
8.8 Future Trends and Developments 168
8.9 Conclusion 169
References 170
9 Tracking Drug Authenticity and Expiry with Blockchain: A Comprehensive Overview 175
Sajjan Singh and Shalom Akhai
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Blockchain Technology Overview 176
9.3 Real-Time Drug Tracking 177
9.4 Ensuring Drug Authenticity 177
9.5 Expiry Date Management 179
9.6 Integration with the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 179
9.7 Practical Examples 181
9.8 Challenges and Considerations 182
9.9 Future Trends 183
9.10 Conclusion 184
9.11 Recommendations 184
References 185
10 Blockchain-Enabled Security for Smart Medicine Vending Machines Handling Expired Medications 189
S. Muthu Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Mythili
10.1 Introduction 190
10.2 Literature Survey 194
10.3 Overview of the Proposed System 196
10.4 Experimental Results 201
10.5 Conclusion 204
10.6 Future Enhancement 204
References 205
11 Enabling Transparent Supply to Build a Next-Generation Supply Chain 207
Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ramandeep Sandhu and Pulkit Kumar
11.1 Introduction 208
11.2 Technological Foundations 213
11.3 Implementation Strategies 219
11.4 Future Trends and Considerations 222
11.5 Regulatory Compliance and Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry 223
11.6 Conclusion 228
References 229
12 A Comprehensive Study in the Kidney Transplantation Process with the Role of Blockchain Technology 233
Chandana Gouri Tekkali, Karthika Natarajan and Asadi Srinivasulu
12.1 Introduction 233
12.2 Literature Review 235
12.3 Importance of Blockchain Technology in Health Care 236
12.4 Data Analytics and AI in KTP 237
12.5 What are the Possible Failures Occurring in KTP? 237
12.6 How can Blockchain be Enabled in Kidney Transplantation? 238
12.7 Result 247
12.8 Conclusion and Future Work 248
References 248
13 Secure Patient Data Management Through Blockchain 251
Radha Goel, Rosaline Mishra, Arti Gupta, Rehana Parveen, Rashmi Singh, Dinesh Puri and Mohd Yasir
13.1 Introduction 252
13.2 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 254
13.3 Blockchain Operations 254
13.4 Essential Blockchain Characteristics 255
13.5 Healthcare Blockchain Companies 256
13.6 Management of Healthcare Using Blockchain 260
13.7 Blockchain Technology Components 261
13.8 Types of Blockchain Technology 262
13.9 Application of Blockchain in the Healthcare Industry 263
13.10 Challenges 268
13.11 Discussion and Future Aspects 268
13.12 Conclusion 270
References 270
14 Creative Strategies to Protect Patients' Health Records and Confidentiality Using Blockchain Technology 275
V. Karthikeyan, G. Kirubakaran, K. Gopalakrishnan and S. Sridhar Raj
14.1 Introduction to Health Records and Confidentiality 276
14.2 Understanding Blockchain Technology 280
14.3 Advantages of BC for Health Record Security 282
14.4 Key Concepts in Applying Blockchain to Healthcare Data 284
14.5 Blockchain-Based Identity and Access Management (IAM) 289
14.6 Secure Health Data Sharing Through Blockchain 291
14.7 Patient Consent and Control in Blockchain-Enabled Systems 294
14.8 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 295
14.9 Case Studies and Best Practices 296
14.10 Future Directions and Challenges in Blockchain-Based Health Record Protection 305
14.11 Conclusion and Recommendations for the Healthcare Industry 314
References 315
15 Blockchain: A New Frontier in Secure Patient Data Management 319
Sagarika Kabra, Sonal Sharma and Monika Sachdeva
15.1 Introduction 319
15.2 Present Scenario of Blockchain Technology 320
15.3 Role of WHO in Healthcare Management Through Blockchain 320
15.4 Blockchain in Healthcare and Its Need 321
15.5 Compatible Characteristics of Blockchain for Healthcare System 322
15.6 Blockchain in Healthcare Areas: Conditions and Status 323
15.7 Securing Storage of Medical Data by Blockchain 323
15.8 Certain Kinds of Challenges are Faced While Using Blockchain 325
15.9 An Advanced Solution and Future Directions in Blockchain: Heterogeneous Medicare Data in Cloud Environment 327
15.10 Combination of Blockchain with IOMT in Data Management 329
15.11 Patient Flowchart in Using Blockchain Technology 329
15.12 Future Perspectives 330
15.13 Implications and Conclusions 331
References 332
16 A Block Chain-Enabled Novel Intelligent System Analysis for Medical Image Processing of Kidney Stone Prediction Using Deep Learning Techniques and Augmented Reality 335
Senthil G. A., R. Prabha, K. Latha and S. Sridevi
16.1 Introduction 336
16.2 Literature Review 338
16.3 Methodology 340
16.4 Experiments 344
16.5 Results and Discussion 348
16.6 Conclusion 350
16.7 Future Work 351
References 352
17 Decentralization and Virtual Reality: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Shaping the Metaverse and Social Media Interactions 355
Archan Mitra, Sayani Das and Shruti Shaw
Introduction 356
Literature Review 359
Research Gap 361
Problem Statement 362
Methodology 363
Research Design 363
Findings 386
Discussions 388
Interpretation of Findings 388
Implications for Stakeholders 388
Conclusions 389
Summary of Findings 389
Limitations 389
Scope for Further Research 390
Implications 390
References 390
18 Blockchain's Impact in Clinical Trials: A Revolution for Transparency, Efficiency, and Ethical Conduct in Drug Development 393
S. Mahaboob Hussain, Balakrishna Akula and Manuel J. Cabral S. Reis
18.1 Introduction 394
18.2 Challenges in Clinical Drug Trials 396
18.3 Blockchain Technology Overview 398
18.4 Transformative Applications of Blockchain in Clinical Trials 403
18.5 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations 406
18.6 Conclusion 408
References 409
19 Drug Recall Management for Pharmaceutical Industry from Blockchain Perspective 413
S. Mahirah, B. Geetha, N. Harikrishnan and S. Preethi Priyadarshini
19.1 Introduction 414
19.2 Pharmaceutical Industry Operations 414
19.3 Drug Recall 417
19.4 Challenges in Healthcare 421
19.5 Blockchain in the Pharma Industry 423
19.6 Conclusion 426
References 427
20 Blockchain-Based Drug Recall Management 429
Manoj Kumar Mahto, Durgesh Srivastava and Jabar H. Yousif
20.1 Introduction 429
20.2 Blockchain Technology Overview 432
20.3 Enhancing Transparency 434
20.4 Automating Recall Procedures 436
20.5 Challenges and Opportunities 439
20.6 Regulatory Considerations 440
20.7 Future Prospects 442
20.8 Conclusion 444
References 445
21 Counterfeit Drug Prevention Through Blockchain 447
Dhara Patel, Grishma Patel, Vivek Patel and Jayvadan K. Patel
21.1 Introduction 448
21.2 Defining Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 448
21.3 Counterfeiting-Not Merely a "Developing" Issue 449
21.4 Statistics on Counterfeit Drug Incidents and Impact on Public Health 451
21.5 Drug Supply Chain in the Pharmaceutical Sector 453
21.6 Key Challenges with the Existing Supply Chain System 454
21.7 Existing Approaches to Prevent Counterfeiting 455
21.8 Need of Blockchain-Based Approaches 455
21.9 Application of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain to Prevent Drug Counterfeiting 462
21.10 Principal Obstacles to Blockchain Technology Implementation in the Healthcare Sector 463
21.11 Conclusion 464
References 465
22 Ensemble Learning and Blockchain¿Driven Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Optimization: Enhancing Accessibility and Transparency-A Review 469
Jagdish Pimple, Praveen Sen, Neeranjan Chitare, Manoj Chaudhari, Sweta Raut, Ashish Dandekar, Deepali Baghel and Shraddha Raut
22.1 Introduction 470
22.2 Problem Statement 472
22.3 Related Work 473
22.4 Proposed Approach 475
22.5 Proposed System Block Diagram 476
22.6 Process Flow of the Proposed Approach 476
22.7 Objectives of the Proposed Approach 476
22.8 Background Study 478
22.9 Expected Outcome 488
22.10 Conclusion 489
References 489
23 PharmaSecure: A Blockchain Approach to Supply Management 493
Pulkit Kumar and Harpreet Kaur Channi
23.1 Introduction 493
23.2 Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Challenges 496
23.3 Blockchain Technology Overview 499
23.4 Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 501
23.5 Implementation Challenges 503
23.6 Case Studies 505
23.7 Future Trends and Developments 507
23.8 Recommendations and Best Practices 509
23.9 Conclusion 510
References 511
24 Hybrid Technologies in Blockchain¿Based Smart Healthcare System 515
Pooja Mohan and Vibhor Mohan
24.1 Introduction 515
24.2 Blockchain Technology for Healthcare 516
24.3 Hybrid Technology as Blockchain Enablers for Healthcare Revival Services 518
24.4 Security and Privacy Solutions in Blockchain-Based Healthcare 522
24.5 Conclusion 523
References 524
25 Metaverse: Revolutionizing Healthcare in a Virtual Realm 529
Kashish Gupta and Sandeep Mathur
25.1 Introduction to Metaverse 530
25.2 Origins and Evolution of the Metaverse 530
25.3 The Current State of the Metaverse 530
25.4 The Metaverse and Society 531
25.5 Revolution in Social Networking 531
25.6 Enhancing Physical and Mental Health with Metaverse: Promoting Wellness in the Digital Age 532
25.7 The Role of Metaverse in Healthcare in the Future 539
References 541
Index 545
