Notes on Editors xvii
List of Contributors xix
Foreword xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
Decoding Complexity: The Role of AI in Modern Public Relations 1
Marko Grobelnik
Setting the Stage: An Analogy 1
Introduction 1
PR through the Lens of AI Definition 3
AI System Definition 4
PR Systems in Relation to AI System Definition 6
Demystification of AI Modeling 8
An Exercise How to Construct AI-Based PR Systems 12
Reputation Management Scenario 12
Social Media Performance Scenario 13
Crisis Response Effectiveness Scenario 14
Ethics, Risks, and Bias of AI 15
Future AI Technologies and PR Applications 17
Five AI Technologies of the Future 17
Four Future PR Application Scenarios 19
Scenario 1: The Corporate Sentinel 19
Scenario 2: Disaster Relief in the Digital Age 20
Scenario 3: Vaccination: A Public Health Imperative 21
Scenario 4: The Political Arena 21
Summary 22
References 22
Introduction: AI and Strategic Communication 24
Yang Cheng and Dejan Ver¿i¿
1 Staying Human in a Smart Machine World 33
Anne Gregory and Swati Virmani
Staying Human in a Smart Machine World 33
AI and Technological Advancement 34
AI and Government 35
AI and the Corporate Sphere 36
AI and Civic Society 37
AI and Its Use in Strategic Communication 38
Ethics and the Human 45
Ethics by Design 47
Conclusion 52
References 52
2 AI and Privacy: Privacy Concerns in the Public Sphere 55
Tugce Ertem- Eray and Eyun- Jung Ki
Information Privacy 57
AI and Privacy in Strategic Communications 58
Using AI in Strategic Communication to Shape the Public Sphere 60
Moving Forward 62
References 65
3 AI, Activism, and Strategic Communication: Grappling with Evolving Power Dynamics 71
Dean Kruckeberg, Marina Vujnovic, Lukasz Swiatek, and Chris Galloway
Introduction 71
There is no Return 74
AI Opens a Whole New Frontier and at a Whole New Level 75
AI Will Alter Requisite KSAs of Public Relations Practitioners 76
What is AI? 76
Power, Opacity, and AI 77
Conclusion 79
References 80
4 Anxiety and Education: How Not To Become Obsolete 83
Cheng Chen and Qian Xu
Anxiety and Education: How Not To Become Obsolete 83
AI and Generative AI 84
AI Anxiety 84
AI Anxiety Typology 85
AI Anxiety among Educators 86
Solutions to Mitigate AI Anxiety 87
Method 88
Sampling and Participants 88
Procedure 89
Focus Group Protocol 89
Data Transcription and Coding 90
Results 90
Primary Types of Perceived AI Anxieties 90
Job Replacement Anxiety 90
Anxiety about Integrating AI into Teaching 91
Anxiety Surrounding Student Use and Perceptions of AI 92
Potential Solutions to Alleviate AI Anxieties 92
Solutions to Job Replacement Anxiety 92
Solutions to AI Integration Anxiety 93
Solutions to Anxiety about Student Use and Perceptions of Generative AI 94
Discussion 95
Job Replacement Anxiety and Its Solutions 96
AI Integration Anxiety and Its Solutions 97
Anxiety about Students' Use and Perceptions of Generative AI and Its Solutions 98
Theoretical Implications 98
Limitations and Future Studies 99
Conclusion 99
References 100
5 AI Strategies and Tools for Public Relations Practitioners 105
Stephen Waddington
Theoretical Perspectives of AI 106
AI in a Practical Context 108
The Strategic Case for AI 109
Practitioner Adoption 109
Organizational Adoption 110
Strategies for Practitioner Adoption of AI in Practice 111
Strategies for Organizational Adoption of AI in a Public Relations Setting 112
Governance and Regulation of Systems 117
Data Management 118
Copyright and Disintermediation 118
Hallucination: Tools Make Stuff Up 120
Transparency and Detection 120
Ethical Decision- making 121
AI and Future Skills in Public Relations 121
References 122
6 Linking AI with Internal Communication: A Systematic Review 125
Yi Luo, Dongdong Yang, and Hua Jiang
Introduction 125
Theoretical Framework 126
Defining Artificial Intelligence 126
Linking Artificial Intelligence with Internal Communication 127
Focus of this Study 128
Method 128
Literature Search 128
Analysis 133
Results 133
Findings from Literature Review 134
RQ1: What is the Current Status of AI Adoption for Internal Communication? 134
AI Adoption for Internal Communication 134
Transformative Potential of AI Use for Internal Communication 135
Employee Attitudes toward AI Communication Tools 135
Organizational Readiness 136
RQ2: What is the Impact of AI Use on Internal Communication? 137
Operational Efficiency and Employee Development 137
Organizational Listening and Employee Voice 138
Value of Internal Communication 139
Employee Well- being and Professional Role Identity 139
RQ3: What are the Barriers and Risks of AI Use for Internal Communication? 140
Barriers to Adoption 140
Ethical Considerations 140
Discussion 141
Future Research Directions 142
References 144
7 Does AI Democratize Commercial Content Creation? Changes to the Strategic Communication Profession 149
Jukka Niittymaa, Joel Mero, and Vilma Luoma- aho
Introduction 149
AI in Strategic Communication 151
Data and Methodology 153
Analysis 156
Conclusions 158
Implications for Strategic Communication 160
Limitations 162
Future Research Opportunities 162
Acknowledgements of Funding and AI Use 163
References 163
8 Collaborating with AI: The Next Frontier of Crisis Communication 167
Elise Karinshak, Wenqing Zhao, Philippe Borremans, and Yan Jin
Introduction 167
AI Tools 170
Relevant Technological Developments 170
Practitioner Tools 172
Human- AI Collaboration in Crisis Communication 173
The Need for Collaboration with AI 173
Using AI in Crisis Management across Sectors 176
Practitioner Responses to AI Adoption 177
Ethical and Societal Considerations 178
Conclusion 182
References 182
9 Human- Robot Communication and Organization- Public Relationships 187
Jeyoung Oh and Eyun- Jung Ki
Introduction 187
Robot and Human- Robot Communication 189
AI- Powered Robots in Public Relations 190
Organization- Public Relationship (OPR) Framework 191
Theoretical Frameworks for Human- Robot Communication 193
Computers are Social Actors (CASA) Theoretical Framework 193
Social Presence Theory 194
Uncanny Valley Effect 195
Building Relationships through Robots 195
Future Direction 197
References 198
10 Democracy and Public Deliberations in an AI- Mediated World 207
Anca Anton
Introduction 207
Theoretical Framework 208
AI's Utopian Possibilities 209
Enhanced Inclusion 209
Transparency and Accountability 212
Heterotopic Tensions in AI- Mediated Public Deliberations 214
Algorithmic Manipulation 215
AI- Driven Echo Chambers 216
Human Agency versus Technological Influence 216
Case Studies 217
Reframing the Role of the Communicator 220
From Organizational to Societal Logic 220
Combating Societal Myopia 221
Responsible AI Implementation in Relation to Democracy and Public Deliberation 222
Regulatory Frameworks 222
Balancing Benefits and Risks 223
Strengthening Democratic Values 224
Conclusions 224
References 226
11 Deepfakes in Subversive Strategic Communication: Challenges and Responses 231
Sergei A Samoilenko and Inna Suvorova
Subversive Strategic Communication 232
Deepfakes in Subversive Strategic Communication Campaigns 234
Deepfakes in Political Contexts and Warfare Scenarios 236
Deepfakes in Political Contexts 236
Deepfakes in Warfare Scenarios 238
Threats, Challenges, and Responses to Deepfakes 239
Conclusions 241
References 242
12 AI, Biases and Cultures: Values in a Machine World 251
Shannon A Bowen and Evgeny N Pashentsev
Values and Ethical Use of AI Across Cultures 251
The Malicious Use of AI 255
Malicious Use of AI as Intentionally Antisocial Action: Roots of the Problem 255
Malicious Actors, Cyber Attacks, and AI Ownership 256
Twin- Use Technologies (Deepfakes, Chatbots, Emotional AI, Prognostic Weapons, etc) in the Hands of Bad Actors 260
Conclusion: The Role of Strategic Communication and Acting as Values Managers 263
References 265
13 Strategic Communication for AI: How Strategic Communication Makes AI Socially Accepted 271
Yangzhi (Nicole) Jiang, Yang Cheng, and Yuan Wang
Introduction 271
AI- Powered Chatbots in CSR Communication 273
AI- Powered Chatbots and Their Attributes Enabling CSR Communication 273
Humanlike Conversational Cues 274
Social- Oriented Communication 274
Intelligence 275
Animacy 275
Understanding Stakeholder Acceptance of Humanlike Chatbots 276
Trendiness 276
Social Presence 277
Trust 278
Impacts of Humanlike Chatbots on CSR Dialogue and Stakeholder Behavior 279
Organizational Listening 279
Shared Meaning Creation 280
Supportive Intent 281
Recommendations for Practices 282
Advancing Humanlike Conversational Abilities and Trendiness 282
Emphasizing Chatbots as Listening and Shared Meaning Creation Tools 283
Conclusion and Future Research Directions 284
References 285
Embracing the Future of AI in Strategic Communication: Impacts at the Individual, Professional, Organizational, and Societal Levels 293
Yang Cheng, Wanjun He, Jinzhe Qiao, and Dejan Ver¿i¿
Introduction 294
AI's Origin in Strategic Communication 295
AI's Application across Strategic Communication Domains 296
AI's Multi-level Impact across Strategic Communication 298
AI's Impact on the Individual Level 299
AI's Influence on the Organization and Professional Level 300
AI's Impact on the Society Level 302
The Future of AI in Strategic Communication 303
Organizational Level: Ethics, Privacy, and Fairness in AI Integration 303
Privacy Concerns 304
Fairness in AI Design 304
Individual Level: Trust and Public Behavior 305
Trust Dynamics and Psychological Impact 305
Regulatory Challenges 305
Society Level: Inclusivity, Global Impact, and Emerging Technologies 306
Inclusivity and Cultural Sensitivity 306
Emerging Technologies and Synergies 306
Conclusion: Balancing Innovation with Responsibility 306
References 307
Index 313
