Introduction xxxiv

Your Study Plan 2

Part I Introduction to Networking 15

Chapter 1 Introduction to TCP/IP Networking 16

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 17

Foundation Topics 18

Perspectives on Networking 18

TCP/IP Networking Model 19

History Leading to TCP/IP 20

Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model 21

TCP/IP Application Layer 23

HTTP Overview 23

HTTP Protocol Mechanisms 23

TCP/IP Transport Layer 24

TCP Error Recovery Basics 25

Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions 25

TCP/IP Network Layer 26

Internet Protocol and the Postal Service 26

Internet Protocol Addressing Basics 27

IP Routing Basics 28

TCP/IP Data-Link and Physical Layers 29

Data Encapsulation Terminology 31

Names of TCP/IP Messages 31

OSI Networking Model and Terminology 32

Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Layer Names and Numbers 33

Chapter Review 34

Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs 36

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 36

Foundation Topics 38

An Overview of LANs 38

Typical SOHO LANs 39

Typical Enterprise LANs 40

The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards 41

Consistent Behavior over All Links Using the Ethernet Data-Link Layer 42

Building Physical Ethernet LANs with UTP 43

Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs 43

Breaking Down a UTP Ethernet Link 44

UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T 46

Straight-Through Cable Pinout 46

Choosing the Right Cable Pinouts 48

Automatic Rewiring with Auto-MDIX 49

UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T 49

Building Physical Ethernet LANs with Fiber 50

Fiber Cabling Transmission Concepts 50

Using Fiber with Ethernet 52

Sending Data in Ethernet Networks 53

Ethernet Data-Link Protocols 53

Ethernet Addressing 54

Identifying Network Layer Protocols with the Ethernet Type Field 56

Error Detection with FCS 56

Sending Ethernet Frames with Switches and Hubs 57

Sending in Modern Ethernet LANs Using Full Duplex 57

Using Half Duplex with LAN Hubs 58

Chapter Review 60

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing 62

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 62

Foundation Topics 64

Wide-Area Networks 64

Leased-Line WANs 64

Physical Details of Leased Lines 65

Data-Link Details of Leased Lines 66

How Routers Use a WAN Data Link 67

Ethernet as a WAN Technology 69

Ethernet WANs That Create a Layer 2 Service 70

How Routers Route IP Packets Using Ethernet WAN Links 70

IP Routing 71

Network Layer Routing (Forwarding) Logic 72

Host Forwarding Logic: Send the Packet to the Default Router 73

R1 and R2s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network 73

R3s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination 73

How Network Layer Routing Uses LANs and WANs 73

How IP Addressing Helps IP Routing 76

Rules for Groups of IP Addresses (Networks and Subnets) 76

The IP Header 77

How IP Routing Protocols Help IP Routing 77

Other Network Layer Features 79

Using Names and the Domain Name System 79

The Address Resolution Protocol 80

ICMP Echo and the ping Command 81

Chapter Review 82

Part I Review 84

Part II Implementing Ethernet LANs 87

Chapter 4 Using the Command-Line Interface 88

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 88

Foundation Topics 90

Accessing the Cisco Catalyst Switch CLI 90

Cisco Catalyst Switches 90

Accessing the Cisco IOS XE CLI 91

The Operating System in Cisco Catalyst Switches 92

Accessing the IOS XE CLI 92

Cabling the Console Connection 93

Configuring a Terminal Emulator 95

Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH 96

User and Enable (Privileged) Modes 96

Password Security for CLI Access from the Console 98

Accessing the CLI with the WebUI 99

CLI Help Features 101

The debug and show Commands 103

Configuring Cisco IOS Software 103

Configuration Submodes and Contexts 104

Storing Switch Configuration Files 106

Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 109

Chapter Review 109

Chapter 5 Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching 112

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 112

Foundation Topics 114

LAN Switching Concepts 114

Overview of Switching Logic 115

Forwarding Known Unicast Frames 116

Learning MAC Addresses 118

Flooding Unknown Unicast and Broadcast Frames 119

Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol 120

LAN Switching Summary 121

Verifying and Analyzing Ethernet Switching 121

Demonstrating MAC Learning 122

Switch Interfaces 123

Finding Entries in the MAC Address Table 124

Managing the MAC Address Table (Aging, Clearing) 126

MAC Address Tables with Multiple Switches 127

Chapter Review 128

Chapter 6 Configuring Basic Switch Management 132

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 132

Foundation Topics 134

Securing the Switch CLI 134

Securing User Mode and Privileged Mode with Simple Passwords 135

Securing User Mode Access with Local Usernames and Passwords 139

Securing User Mode Access with External Authentication Servers 141

Securing Remote Access with Secure Shell 142

Enabling and Securing the WebUI 145

Enabling IPv4 for Remote Access 146

Host and Switch IP Settings 147

Configuring IPv4 on a Switch 149

Configuring a Switch to Learn Its IP Address with DHCP 150

Verifying IPv4 on a Switch 150

Miscellaneous Settings Useful in the Lab 151

History Buffer Commands 151

The logging synchronous, exec-timeout, and no ip domain-lookup Commands 152

Chapter Review 153

Chapter 7 Configuring and Verifying Switch Interfaces 158

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 158

Foundation Topics 161

Configuring Switch Interface Speed and Duplex 161

IEEE Autonegotiation Concepts 161

Autonegotiation Under Working Conditions 161

Autonegotiation Results When Only One Node Uses

Autonegotiation 163

Autonegotiation and LAN Hubs 165

Configuring Autonegotiation, Speed, and Duplex 165

Using Autonegotiation on Cisco Switches 165

Setting Speed and Duplex Manually 169

Using Auto-MDIX on Cisco Switches 170

Managing Switch Interface Configuration 172

The Description and Interface Range Commands 172

Administratively Controlling Interface State with shutdown 173

Removing Configuration with the no Command 174

Analyzing Switch Interface Status and Statistics 176

Interface Status Codes 176

The Duplex Mismatch Issue 177

Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces 178

Chapter Review 180

Part II Review 184

Part III Implementing VLANs and STP 187

Chapter 8 Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs 188

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 189

Foundation Topics 191

Virtual LAN Concepts 191

Creating Multiswitch VLANs Using Trunking 192

VLAN Tagging Concepts 193

The 802.1Q and ISL VLAN Trunking Protocols 194

Forwarding Data Between VLANs 195

The Need for Routing Between VLANs 195

Routing Packets Between VLANs with a Router 196

VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification 197

Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface 197

VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration 198

VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration 201

VLAN Trunking Protocol 201

VLAN Trunking Configuration 203

Implementing Interfaces Connected to Phones 207

Data and Voice VLAN Concepts 208

Data and Voice VLAN Configuration and Verification 209

Summary: IP Telephony Ports on Switches 212

Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN Trunks 212

Confirm the Correct Access VLAN Is Assigned 213

Access VLANs Undefined or Disabled 213

Mismatched Trunking Operational States 215

The Supported VLAN List on Trunks 217

Mismatched Native VLAN on a Trunk 218

Chapter Review 218

Chapter 9 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts 222

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 223

Foundation Topics 224

STP and RSTP Basics 224

The Need for Spanning Tree 225

What Spanning Tree Does 227

How Spanning Tree Works 228

The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU 229

Electing the Root Switch 230

Choosing Each Switchs Root Port 232

Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment 234

Configuring to Influence the STP Topology 235

Details Specific to STP (and Not RSTP) 236

STP Activity When the Network Remains Stable 236

STP Timers That Manage STP Convergence 237

Changing Interface States with STP 238

Rapid STP Concepts 239

Comparing STP and RSTP 240

RSTP and the Alternate (Root) Port Role 241

RSTP States and Processes 243

RSTP and the Backup (Designated) Port Role 244

RSTP Port Types 245

Optional STP Features 246

EtherChannel 246

PortFast 247

BPDU Guard 248

BPDU Filter 248

BPDU Filter to Prevent Loops on PortFast Ports 249

BPDU Filter to Disable STP on a Port 249

Root Guard 250

Loop Guard 251

Chapter Review 254

Chapter 10 RSTP and EtherChannel Configuration 256

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 256

Foundation Topics 259

Understanding RSTP Through Configuration 259

The Need for Multiple Spanning Trees 260

STP Modes and Standards 260

The Bridge ID and System ID Extension 261

Identifying Switch Priority and the Root Switch 263

Switch Priority and Identifying the Root Switch 263

Switch Priority Using Root Primary and Secondary 265

RSTP (One Tree) and RPVST+ (One Tree Per VLAN) 266

Identifying Port Cost, Role, and State 266

Identifying Optional STP Features 269

PortFast and BPDU Guard 269

PortFast and BPDU Guard on an Access Port with One Endpoint 269

PortFast on VLAN Trunks and Voice Pseudo-Trunks 271

Global Configuration of PortFast and BPDU Guard 273

BPDU Filter 274

Conditional BPDU Filtering with Global Configuration 275

Disabling STP with BPDU Filter Interface Configuration 277

Root Guard 278

Loop Guard 279

Configuring Layer 2 EtherChannel 281

Configuring a Manual Layer 2 EtherChannel 281

Configuring Dynamic EtherChannels 284

Interface Configuration Consistency with EtherChannels 287

EtherChannel Load Distribution 289

Chapter Review 291

Part III Review 296

Part IV IPv4 Addressing 299

Chapter 11 Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting 300

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 300

Foundation Topics 302

Introduction to Subnetting 302

Subnetting Defined Through a Simple Example 302

Operational View Versus Design View of Subnetting 303

Analyze Subnetting and Addressing Needs 304

Rules About Which Hosts Are in Which Subnet 304

Determining the Number of Subnets 305

Determining the Number of Hosts per Subnet 307

One Size Subnet Fits AllOr Not 307

Defining the Size of a Subnet 308

One Size Subnet Fits All 308

Multiple Subnet Sizes (Variable-Length Subnet Masks) 309

One Mask for All Subnets, or More Than One 310

Make Design Choices 311

Choose a Classful Network 311

Public IP Networks 311

Growth Exhausts the Public IP Address Space 312

Private IP Networks 313

Choosing an IP Network During the Design Phase 314

Choose the Mask 314

Classful IP Networks Before Subnetting 315

Borrowing Host Bits to Create Subnet Bits 315

Choosing Enough Subnet and Host Bits 316

Example Design: 172.16.0.0, 200 Subnets, 200 Hosts 317

Masks and Mask Formats 318

Build a List of All Subnets 318

Plan the Implementation 320

Assigning Subnets to Different Locations 320

Choose Static and Dynamic Ranges per Subnet 321

Chapter Review 322

Chapter 12 Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks 324

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 324

Foundation Topics 325

Classful Network Concepts 325

Setting the Context of Public Networks and CIDR Blocks 326

IPv4 Network Classes and Related Facts 328

The Number and Size of the Class A, B, and C Networks 329

Address Formats 330

Default Masks 330

Number of Hosts per Network 331

Deriving the Network ID and Related Numbers 331

Unusual Network IDs and Network Broadcast Addresses 333

Practice with Classful Networks 334

Practice Deriving Key Facts Based on an IP Address 334

Practice Remembering the Details of Address Classes 335

Chapter Review 335

Chapter 13 Analyzing Subnet Masks 338

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 338

Foundation Topics 340

Subnet Mask Conversion 340

Three Mask Formats 340

Converting Between Binary and Prefix Masks 341

Converting Between Binary and DDN Masks 342

Converting Between Prefix and DDN Masks 344

Practice Converting Subnet Masks 344

Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using Masks 345

Masks Divide the Subnets Addresses into Two Parts 346

Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts 347

Classless and Classful Addressing 348

Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address Format 349

Practice Analyzing Subnet Masks 350

Masks and CIDR Blocks 351

Chapter Review 352

Chapter 14 Analyzing Existing Subnets 356

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 356

Foundation Topics 358

Defining a Subnet 358

An Example with Network 172.16.0.0 and Four Subnets 358

Subnet ID Concepts 360

Subnet Broadcast Address 361

Range of Usable Addresses 361

Analyzing Existing Subnets: Binary 362

Finding the Subnet ID: Binary 362

Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary 363

Binary Practice Problems 364

Shortcut for the Binary Process 365

A Brief Note About Boolean Math 367

Finding the Range of Addresses 367

Analyzing Existing Subnets: Decimal 367

Analysis with Easy Masks 367

Predictability in the Interesting Octet 368

Finding the Subnet ID: Difficult Masks 369

Resident Subnet Example 1 370

Resident Subnet Example 2 371

Resident Subnet Practice Problems 371

Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Difficult Masks 372

Subnet Broadcast Example 1 372

Subnet Broadcast Example 2 372

Subnet Broadcast Address Practice Problems 373

Practice Analyzing Existing Subnets 373

A Choice: Memorize or Calculate 373

Chapter Review 374

Chapter 15 Subnet Design 378

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 378

Foundation Topics 380

Choosing the Mask(s) to Meet Requirements 380

Review: Choosing the Minimum Number of Subnet and Host Bits 380

No Masks Meet Requirements 381

One Mask Meets Requirements 382

Multiple Masks Meet Requirements 383

Finding All the Masks: Concepts 383

Finding All the Masks: Math 384

Choosing the Best Mask 385

The Formal Process 385

Practice Choosing Subnet Masks 386

Practice Problems for Choosing a Subnet Mask 386

Finding All Subnet IDs 386

First Subnet ID: The Zero Subnet 387

Finding the Pattern Using the Magic Number 388

A Formal Process with Fewer Than 8 Subnet Bits 389

Example 1: Network 172.16.0.0, Mask 255.255.240.0 390

Example 2: Network 192.168.1.0, Mask 255.255.255.224 391

Finding All Subnets with Exactly 8 Subnet Bits 393

Finding All Subnets with More Than 8 Subnet Bits 393

Process with 916 Subnet Bits 393

Process with 17 or More Subnet Bits 395

Practice Finding All Subnet IDs 396

Practice Problems for Finding All Subnet IDs 396

Chapter Review 396

Part IV Review 402

Part V IPv4 Routing 405

Chapter 16 Operating Cisco Routers 406

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 406

Foundation Topics 407

Installing Cisco Routers 407

Installing Enterprise Routers 408

The Cisco Router Operating Systems 409

Cisco Integrated Services Routers 410

The Cisco Catalyst Edge Platform 411

Physical Installation 412

Installing SOHO Routers 412

Enabling IPv4 Support on Cisco Router Interfaces 413

Accessing the Router CLI 414

Router Interfaces 415

Interface Status Codes 417

Router Interface IP Addresses 418

Ethernet Interface Autonegotiation 420

Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces 423

Router Auxiliary Port 423

Chapter Review 423

Chapter 17 Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Static Routes 426

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 427

Foundation Topics 428

IP Routing 428

IPv4 Routing Process Reference 429

An Example of IP Routing 431

Host Forwards the IP Packet to the Default Router (Gateway) 432

Routing Step 1: Decide Whether to Process the Incoming Frame 432

Routing Step 2: De-encapsulation of the IP Packet 433

Routing Step 3: Choosing Where to Forward the Packet 433

Routing Step 4: Encapsulating the Packet in a New Frame 434

Routing Step 5: Transmitting the Frame 435

Configuring IP Addresses and Connected Routes 435

Connected Routes and the ip address Command 436

Common Mistakes with the ip address Subcommand 438

The ARP Table on a Cisco Router 439

Configuring Static Routes 440

Static Network Routes 441

Verifying Static Network Routes 442

Ethernet Outgoing Interfaces and Proxy ARP 443

Static Default Routes 443

Static Host Routes 445

Floating Static Routes 447

Troubleshooting Static Routes 448

Incorrect Static Routes That Appear in the IP Routing Table 448

The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IP Routing Table 449

The Correct Static Route Appears but Works Poorly 450

Chapter Review 450

Chapter 18 IP Routing in the LAN 454

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 455

Foundation Topics 457

VLAN Routing with Router 802.1Q Trunks 457

Configuring ROAS 458

Verifying ROAS 461

Troubleshooting ROAS 463

VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch SVIs 464

Configuring Routing Using Switch SVIs 464

Verifying Routing with SVIs 466

Troubleshooting Routing with SVIs 467

SVI Interface State with Autostate Enabled 467

SVI Interface State with Autostate Disabled 469

VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch Routed Ports 469

Implementing Routed Interfaces on Switches 470

Implementing Layer 3 EtherChannels 473

Troubleshooting Layer 3 EtherChannels 476

VLAN Routing on a Routers LAN Switch Ports 477

Configuring Routing for Embedded Switch Ports 478

Verifying Routing for Embedded Switch Ports 480

Identifying Switched Ports in Routers 481

Chapter Review 482

Chapter 19 IP Addressing on Hosts 486

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 486

Foundation Topics 488

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 488

DHCP Concepts 488

APIPA IP Addresses (169.254.x.x) 490

Supporting DHCP for Remote Subnets with DHCP Relay 490

Information Stored at the DHCP Server 492

Configuring DHCP Features on Routers and Switches 493

Configuring DHCP Relay 494

Configuring a Switch as DHCP Client 495

Configuring a Router as DHCP Client 496

Identifying Host IPv4 Settings 497

Host Settings for IPv4 497

Host IP Settings on Windows 499

Host IP Settings on macOS 502

Host IP Settings on Linux 504

Troubleshooting Host IP Settings 506

A Working Windows Host with Static IP Configuration 506

A Failed Windows DHCP Client Due to IP Connectivity Issues 507

A Working Windows DHCP Client with Incorrect Settings 508

Chapter Review 510

Chapter 20 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing 512

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 512

Foundation Topics 513

Problem Isolation Using the ping Command 513

Ping Command Basics 513

Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command 514

Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem 514

Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route 517

Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 519

Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping 520

Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 521

Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses 522

Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command 524

traceroute Basics 524

How the traceroute Command Works 525

Standard and Extended traceroute 526

Telnet and SSH 527

Common Reasons to Use the IOS Telnet and SSH Client 528

IOS Telnet and SSH Examples 529

Chapter Review 530

Part V Review 534

Part VI OSPF 537

Chapter 21 Understanding OSPF Concepts 538

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 538

Foundation Topics 540

Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocol Features 540

Routing Protocol Functions 541

Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols 542

Comparing IGPs 543

IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms 543

Metrics 544

Other IGP Comparisons 545

OSPF Concepts and Operation 546

OSPF Overview 546

Topology Information and LSAs 546

Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes 547

Becoming OSPF Neighbors 548

The Basics of OSPF Neighbors 548

Meeting Neighbors and Learning Their Router ID 548

Exchanging the LSDB Between Neighbors 550

Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors 550

Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB 551

Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links 552

Calculating the Best Routes with SPF 553

OSPF Areas and LSAs 555

OSPF Areas 555

How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time 556

(OSPFv2) Link-State Advertisements 557

Router LSAs Build Most of the Intra-Area Topology 558

Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area Topology 559

Chapter Review 560

Chapter 22 Implementing Basic OSPF Features 562

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 562

Foundation Topics 564

Implementing OSPFv2 Using network Commands 564

OSPF Single-Area Configuration 565

Wildcard Matching with the network Command 566

Verifying OSPF Operation 569

Verifying OSPF Configuration 572

Configuring the OSPF Router ID 574

Implementing Multiarea OSPF 575

Implementing OSPFv2 Using Interface Subcommands 576

OSPF Interface Configuration Example 576

Verifying OSPF Interface Configuration 578

Chapter Review 580

Chapter 23 Implementing Optional OSPF Features 584

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 584

Foundation Topics 586

OSPF Network Types 586

The OSPF Broadcast Network Type 587

Verifying Operations with Network Type Broadcast 588

Using Priority and RID to Influence the DR/BDR Election 590

The OSPF Point-to-Point Network Type 592

Additional Optional OSPFv2 Features 594

OSPF Passive Interfaces 594

OSPF Default Routes 597

OSPF Metrics (Cost) 599

Setting the Cost Directly 599

Setting the Cost Based on Interface and Reference Bandwidth 600

OSPF Hello and Dead Intervals 602

Chapter Review 604

Chapter 24 OSPF Neighbors and Route Selection 608

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 608

Foundation Topics 611

OSPF Neighbor Relationships 611

OSPF Neighbor Requirements 611

Issues That Prevent Neighbor Adjacencies 612

Finding Area Mismatches 613

Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs 613

Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches 614

Shutting Down the OSPF Process 615

Shutting Down OSPF on an Interface 617

Issues That Allow Neighbors but Prevent IP Routes 618

Mismatched MTU Settings 618

Mismatched OSPF Network Types 618

Both Neighbors Using OSPF Priority 0 618

Examples That Show OSPF Neighbors but No Routes 619

Route Selection 621

Equal-Cost Multipath OSPF Routes 621

Multiple Routes Learned from Competing Sources 622

IP Forwarding with the Longest Prefix Match 625

Using Your Subnetting Math Skills to Predict the Choice of Best Route 626

Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route 628

Interpreting the IP Routing Table 628

Chapter Review 630

Part VI Review 634

Part VII IP Version 6 637

Chapter 25 Fundamentals of IP Version 6 638

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 638

Foundation Topics 640

Introduction to IPv6 640

The Historical Reasons for IPv6 640

The IPv6 Protocols 642

IPv6 Routing 643

IPv6 Routing Protocols 645

IPv6 Addressing Formats and Conventions 646

Representing Full (Unabbreviated) IPv6 Addresses 646

Abbreviating and Expanding IPv6 Addresses 647

Abbreviating IPv6 Addresses 647

Expanding Abbreviated IPv6 Addresses 648

Representing the Prefix Length of an Address 649

Calculating the IPv6 Subnet Prefix (Subnet ID) 649

Finding the IPv6 Subnet Prefix 649

Working with More-Difficult IPv6 Prefix Lengths 651

Chapter Review 652

Chapter 26 IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting 654

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 654

Foundation Topics 655

Global Unicast Addressing Concepts 655

Public and Private IPv6 Addresses 656

The IPv6 Global Routing Prefix 657

Address Ranges for Global Unicast Addresses 659

IPv6 Subnetting Using Global Unicast Addresses 659

Deciding Where IPv6 Subnets Are Needed 660

The Mechanics of Subnetting IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses 660

Listing the IPv6 Subnet Prefix (Subnet ID) 662

List All IPv6 Subnets 663

Assign Subnets to the Internetwork Topology 663

Assigning Addresses to Hosts in a Subnet 664

Unique Local Unicast Addresses 664

Subnetting with Unique Local IPv6 Addresses 665

The Need for Globally Unique Local Addresses 666

Chapter Review 667

Chapter 27 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers 668

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 668

Foundation Topics 670

Implementing Unicast IPv6 Addresses on Routers 670

Static Unicast Address Configuration 671

Configuring the Full 128-Bit Address 671

Enabling IPv6 Routing 672

Verifying the IPv6 Address Configuration 673

Generating a Unique Interface ID Using Modified EUI-64 674

IPv6 Address Attributes 678

Dynamic Unicast Address Configuration 679

Special Addresses Used by Routers 680

Link-Local Addresses 680

Link-Local Address Concepts 680

Creating Link-Local Addresses on Routers 681

Routing IPv6 with Only Link-Local Addresses on an Interface 683

IPv6 Multicast Addresses 684

Well-Known Multicast Addresses 684

Multicast Address Scopes 686

Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 687

The Unspecified and Loopback Addresses 689

Anycast Addresses 689

IPv6 Addressing Configuration Summary 690

Chapter Review 691

Chapter 28 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Hosts 696

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 696

Foundation Topics 698

The Neighbor Discovery Protocol 698

Discovering Neighbor Link Addresses with NDP NS and NA 699

Discovering Routers with NDP RS and RA 702

Discovering Prefixes with NDP RS and RA 703

Discovering Duplicate Addresses Using NDP NS and NA 705

NDP Summary 705

Dynamic Configuration of Host IPv6 Settings 706

Using Stateful DHCP 706

Differences Between Stateful DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 707

DHCPv6 Relay Agents 708

Using Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 710

Building an IPv6 Address Using SLAAC 710

Combining SLAAC with Stateless DHCP 711

Combining SLAAC with RA-Based DNS Server Configuration 712

Permanent and Temporary SLAAC Addresses 712

Troubleshooting Host IPv6 Addressing 714

Verifying IPv6 Connectivity from Hosts 714

Host Commands to Find IPv6 Interface Addresses 714

Testing IPv6 Connectivity with ping and traceroute 716

Verifying Host Connectivity from Nearby Routers 718

Chapter Review 719

Chapter 29 Implementing IPv6 Routing 722

Do I Know This Already? Quiz 722

Foundation Topics 724

Connected and Local IPv6 Routes 724

Rules for Connected and Local Routes 725

Example of Connected IPv6 Routes 725

Examples of Local IPv6 Routes 727

Static IPv6 Network Routes 728

Static Network Routes Using an Outgoing Interface 729

Static Network Routes Using Next-Hop IPv6 Address 730

Example Static Network Route with a Next-Hop GUA 731

Example Static Network Route with a Next-Hop LLA 733

Static Default, Host, and Floating Static IPv6 Routes 735

Static IPv6 Default Routes 735

Static IPv6 Host Routes 737

Floating Static IPv6 Routes 739

Troubleshooting Static IPv6 Routes 741

Troubleshooting Incorrect Static Routes That Appear in the IPv6 Routing Table 741

The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IPv6 Routing Table 743

Chapter Review 744

Part VII Review 746

Part VIII Exam Updates 749

Chapter 30 CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1, Second Edition Exam Updates 750

The Purpose of This Chapter 750

Additional Technical Content 751

About Possible Exam Updates 751

Impact on You and Your Study Plan 753

News about the Next CCNA Exam Release 754

Updated Technical Content 754

Part IX Appendixes 757

Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables 759

Appendix B Exam Topics Cross-Reference 765

Appendix C Answers to the Do I Know This Already? Quizzes779

Glossary 809

Online Appendixes

Appendix D Practice for Chapter 12: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks

Appendix E Practice for Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks

Appendix F Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Existing Subnets

Appendix G Practice for Chapter 15: Subnet Design

Appendix H Practice for Chapter 25: Fundamentals of IP Version 6

Appendix I Practice for Chapter 27: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers

Appendix J Study Planner

Appendix K Topics from Previous Editions

Appendix L LAN Troubleshooting

Appendix M Variable-Length Subnet Masks

9780138229634 TOC 4/22/2024

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CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1

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