List of Illustrations
List of Plates
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Timelines
List of Tables
Lists of Texts
Lists of Abbreviations
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the third edition
Acknowledgments
PART I
Before Britain
1 The origins of English (before 450)
Chapter overview
1.1 The origins of human language
1.2 Language change
1.3 Changes in Germanic before the invasions of Britain
1.4 The world of the Germanic peoples
1.5 The Germanic migrations
1.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
PART II
Early English in Britain
2 Old English: early Germanic Britain (450–700)
Chapter overview
2.1 The first peoples
2.2 The Germanic incursions
2.3 Introduction to Old English
2.4 The Christianization of England
2.5 Literature in the early Old English period
2.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
3 Old English: the Viking invasions and their consequences (700–1066/1100)
Chapter overview
3.1 The Viking invasions
3.2 Linguistic influence of Old Norse (ON)
3.3 Creolization
3.4 Standardization
3.5 Social and linguistic variation
3.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
4 Middle English: The non-standard period (1066/1100–1350)
Chapter overview
4.1 Dynastic conflict and the Norman Conquest
4.2 Middle English and question of creolization
4.3 Linguistic features of Middle English in the non-standard period
4.4 English literature
4.5 Dialectal diversity in ME
4.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
5 Middle English: the emergence of Standard English (1350–1500)
Chapter overview
5.1 Political and social turmoil and demographic developments
5.2 The expansion of domains
5.3 Chancery English
5.4 Literature in the late ME period
5.5 Variation in late ME
5.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
6 The Early Modern English Period (1500–1700)
Chapter overview
6.1 The Early Modern English Period
6.2 Early Modern English
6.3 Regulation and codification
6.4 Religious and scientific prose and belles lettres
6.5 Variation
6.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
PART III
Britain and beyond
7 The spread of English (since the late sixteenth century)
Chapter overview
7.1 Social-historical background
7.2 European expansion and the slave trade
7.3 North America
7.4 The Southern Hemisphere
7.5 Second and foreign language countries (ESL and EFL)
7.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
8 Standard and non-standard English
Chapter overview
8.1 Standard English and General English
8.2 English in England, Wales, Scotland – and Ireland
8.3 North American English (NAmE)
8.4 Southern Hemisphere English
8.5 Ethnicity and language
8.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
9 English pidgins, English creoles, and English (since the early seventeenth century)
Chapter overview
9.0 Cultural survivals
9.1 Pidgins
9.2 Creoles
9.3 Pidgin and creole communities
9.4 Theories of origin
9.5 History and textual examples
9.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
10 Grammatical change in ModE
Chapter overview
10.0 Grammatical developments
10.1 Word order
10.2 The noun phrase
10.3 The verb phrase: development of full ModE paradigm
10.4 Other: conjunctions and prepositions
10.5 Substrate influence
10.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
11 Pronunciation change in ModE
Chapter overview
11.1 Introduction and principles of pronunciation change
11.2 The reference accents and other national accents
11.3 Consonants in ModE
11.4 Vowels in ModE
11.5 Vowel changes in ModE: chain shifts and mergers
11.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
12 Vocabulary and Spelling Change in ModE
Chapter overview
12.1 New words and old
12.2 Borrowing
12.3 Word formation
12.4 Pragmatics
12.5 Modern English spelling
12.6 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
PART IV
13 Worldwide English
Chapter overview
13.1 The beginnings of Global English
13.2 Media dominance
13.3 Features of medialized language
13.4 English in a world-wide context
13.5 Bilingualism, code-switching, and hybrid lasnguages
13.4 Summary
Study questions
Topics of interest for further study
Further reading
Glossary
The International Phonetic Alphabet
General bibliography
Index
