Sweet Biochemistry Remembering Structures, Cycles, and Pathways by Mnemonics

List of figures
List of tables

Preface
Acknowledgements

1. Glycolysis
Microview
Importance of glucose phosphorylation
Role of magnesium for kinases
Critical isomerisation to fructose
Second phosphorylation
Reason of DHAP conversion to Gly-3-P?
Conversion of Gly-3-P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Reaction of phosphoglycerate kinase: the heroic step
PG isomerises to 2-PG: the role
Importance of enolase reaction

2. Citric acid cycle
First have a look at the quick view of pathway
Now let us observe the reactions in detail

3. Electron transport chain
Microview
The special electron transporters: NADH and FADH2
The story of electron transport chain
What relates to electron transport chain in the story?

4. Beta oxidation of fatty acids
Importance of beta oxidation of fatty acids
Carnitine: prominent molecule of beta oxidation

5. Fatty acid biosynthesis
Traditional recap
Microview
Relation of beta oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids synthesis

6. Cholesterol structure
Role of cholesterol
Lipid rafts and cholesterol
What relates to cholesterol in honeycomb house?

7. Cholesterol synthesis
Traditional recap
Microview
First enzyme thiolase
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
Story of queen bee's honeycomb house

8. Haem synthesis
Rate-limiting step of haem synthesis: aminolevulinic acid formation
Regulation of aminolevulinic acid synthase
Aminolevulinic acid synthase activity in liver can be induced by steroids and some drugs by promoting ALAS1 gene expression

9. Porphyrias
Traditional recap
Manifestations of porphyria
Why photosensitivity and neuropsychiatric symptoms are observed in porphyrias?
Pain is reported by patients with porphyrias even within minutes of visible light or neon light exposure
Neuropsychiatric features
High ALAS1 activity may deplete pyridoxal phosphate, adding further to secondary sensory axonal neuropathy

10. Urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1: an unique enzyme
Are there other modulators also for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1?

11. Urea cycle disorders
But why ammonia is so toxic to brain?

12. Glycogen storage disorders
Glycogen storage diseases
Mechanisms for features of glycogen storage disorders
Story mnemonic of glycogen storage disorders

13. Mucopolysaccharidoses
Hurler disease
Scheie syndrome: Mucopolysaccharidoses I
Hunter syndrome: Mucopolysaccharidoses II
Sanfilippo syndrome: Mucopolysaccharidoses III
Morquio syndrome: Mucopolysaccharidoses IV
MaroteauxLamy syndrome: Mucopolysaccharidoses VI
Sly syndrome: Mucopolysaccharidoses VII

14. Lipid storage disorders/sphingolipidoses
Tay-Sach's disease and Sandoff's disease
Gaucher disease
NiemannPick disease
Farber's disease
Fabry's disease
Metachromatic leukodystrophy

15. Ceramide structure and derivatives
What are ceramides doing in our body

16. Prostaglandin synthesis
Biological actions of prostaglandins
Cyclooxygenase is the controller of rate-limiting step

17. Purine structure
Chemically
Here are some interesting purines

18. Purine synthesis de novo
A brief view of reactions
Amido phosphoribosyl transferase (Atase) rate-limiting
enzyme with a unique ammonia channel
Interesting regulation of purines

19. Pyrimidine structure-2
Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine

20. Pyrimidine de novo .

21. DNA structure and DNA replication
Alternative DNA structures
Here is a brief summary of steps of DNA replication

22. Differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic replication

23. Transcription
Let us see the steps of transcription

24. Translation
Chain termination

25. Inhibitors of translation
Antibiotics and the mechanism of action
Toxins that disturb protein synthesis
Lectins

26. Operon
The lac Operon

27. Various types of RNA
Messenger RNA
Small-nuclear RNA
MicroRNA
Small-interfering RNA
Ribozyme

28. Antibody

29. Class switching
When is class switching required?
Mechanism of class switching

30. Antigen
Hapten
Superantigens
Neoantigens
Autoantigen
Adjuvants

31. Major histocompatibility complex
The categorisation of human leucocyte antigen forms three classes I, II and III

32. Vaccines
Whole pathogen vaccines
Subunit vaccine
Recombinant protein vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
Virus-like particles
Outer membrane vesicle vaccines
Nucleic acid vaccines
Viral-vectored vaccines

Exercises
Further reading
Index