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Produktbild: Bioethics

Bioethics What Everyone Needs to Know ®

Aus der Reihe WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

06.04.2023

Verlag

Oxford Academic

Seitenzahl

328

Maße (L/B/H)

20,9/14,2/2,7 cm

Gewicht

358 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-19-765796-6

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

06.04.2023

Verlag

Oxford Academic

Seitenzahl

328

Maße (L/B/H)

20,9/14,2/2,7 cm

Gewicht

358 g

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-19-765796-6

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: gpsr@libri.de

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  • Produktbild: Bioethics

    • Preface

    • 1. What Are the Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics?

    • What is "normative ethics"?

    • What are some important moral theories for bioethics?

    • How does utilitarian reasoning work?

    • What principles are featured in Kantian ethics?

    • What does Natural Law ethics contribute to bioethics?

    • What is the "principles approach" to bioethics?

    • Concluding thoughts

    • 2. How Has the Shift from Paternalism to Autonomy Shaped Bioethics?

    • What is paternalism in general?

    • How do strong and weak paternalism differ?

    • What is medical paternalism?

    • What does autonomy mean in bioethics?

    • What is informed consent?

    • What was the significance of the Belmont Report?

    • What historical forces led to the rejection of medical paternalism?

    • Do the effects of serious illness justify medical paternalism?

    • Do irrational choices justify medical paternalism?

    • Does respect for cultural differences justify deception?

    • How should doctors give bad news to patients?

    • Is deception justified in some "hard cases"?

    • How should bioethicists and health care professionals address racism?

    • Concluding thoughts

    • 3. Do Advance Directives Protect Patient Autonomy?

    • What is an advance directive for medical care?

    • What constitutes a relevant change of mind?

    • What is the "then-self/now-self" problem?

    • How have defenders of advance directives responded to this problem?

    • Can advance directives accommodate the then-self/now-self problem?

    • What communication challenges limit the use of advance directives?

    • Summary observations

    • 4. When Is Experimentation on Human Subjects Unethical?

    • What principles for ethical research emerged in the Nuremberg Code?

    • What notable experiments influenced the development of medical research ethics?

    • Are randomized clinical trials ethically questionable?

    • When do placebo-control trials violate principles of medical ethics?

    • How do international contexts affect the ethics of trials?

    • When are "challenge" trials for new vaccines acceptable?

    • When do exclusions and priorities unjustly affect disadvantaged groups?

    • Summary and concluding thoughts

    • 5. How Should Death Be Defined and Determined?

    • What is death?

    • What is brain death?

    • Are neurological criteria a better indicator of death?

    • What are the practical advantages of neurological criteria?

    • Are there scientific arguments in favor of brain death?

    • What are the arguments against brain death?

    • What is the significance of the case of Jahi McMath?

    • What would happen if we gave up brain death?

    • Should a higher-brain standard be adopted?

    • Is death an event or a process - and does it matter?

    • Concluding thoughts

    • 6. Is Physician-Assisted Dying an Ethical Choice?

    • What is euthanasia?

    • What is the difference between voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia?

    • What was the Nazi "euthanasia" program?

    • What is self-administered physician-assisted dying?

    • What is the equal protection argument for PAD?

    • Where is self-administered PAD legal in the United States?

    • What is the legal status of PAD elsewhere in the world?

    • What are the moral arguments in favor of PAD?

    • What are the moral arguments against PAD?

    • Is PAD inconsistent with the physician's role?

    • Would legalizing PAD undermine palliative care?

    • Does legalizing PAD create a slippery slope?

    • Is there really a need for PAD?

    • Concluding thoughts

    • 7. Is Abortion an Ethical Choice?

    • What is the conservative view of the moral status of the unborn?

    • Why do moderate conservatives think human life begins after conception?

    • Is abortion always wrong for conservatives?

    • What is the liberal view of the moral status of the unborn?

    • What is the potentiality principle?

    • Does the person view justify infanticide?

    • How does the "future-like-ours" theory offer a new approach to abortion?

    • How does the embodied minds view affect the debate?

    • What are the implications of the interest view for abortion?

    • How does the interest view support a gradualist approach?

    • What about late abortions?

    • What role does the right to bodily self-determination play?

    • 8. What Are the Implications of the Disability Critique?

    • What is prenatal testing (PT)?

    • What is preimplantation genetic testing (PGT)?

    • What is the purpose of PT and PGT?

    • What is the DC's objection to selective abortion?

    • What responses can be made to the DC?

    • Can prenatal testing be regarded as a preventive measure?

    • Does the choice of selective abortion display a bad parental attitude?

    • Concluding thoughts

    • 9. What Ethical Issues Are Raised by Assisted Reproductive Technology?

    • How is infertility defined, and what are its causes?

    • What medical procedures are used to treat infertility?

    • What ethical arguments favor ART?

    • Is adoption a better alternative than ART?

    • What are the health risks of IVF to women?

    • What are the health risks to offspring?

    • Are the offspring at risk of psychological harm?

    • Who should pay?

    • Is using ART to create non-traditional families ethically acceptable?

    • Does paying gamete donors or gestational carriers commodify reproduction?

    • Does payment exploit egg donors?

    • Does payment exploit gestational carriers?

    • Is the use of ART for medical sex selection ethical?

    • What arguments support the use of ART for nonmedical sex selection?

    • What are the arguments against nonmedical sex selection?

    • Concluding thoughts

    • 10. What Is Required for a Healthcare System to Be Just?

    • What questions of justice arise in comparing healthcare systems?

    • How do utilitarian views of justice apply to healthcare systems?

    • What does an egalitarian view of justice require?

    • What does libertarian justice imply for the choice of a system?

    • How do "market failure" and "cost-shifting" affect health insurance?

    • What is unfair free-riding?

    • To what extent does free-riding affect arguments about insurance?

    • Why is insurance dangerous, and how can that danger be addressed?

    • What role does "public health" play in a just system?

    • Can common ground be found in debates about healthcare systems?

    • 11. How Can Scarce Resources Be Allocated Justly?

    • Who should have priority for lifesaving organ transplants?

    • In a pandemic, who should get care first?

    • Should past behavior affect priority for care?

    • Should priorities be adjusted for structural inequities of health?

    • What priority, if any, should treatment have over prevention?

    • What should be included in the basic minimum available to everyone?

    • What is a "quality-adjusted life year" (QALY)?

    • Is it ethical to use QALYs to allocate healthcare resources?

    • Do "reference point" effects justify extra value at the end of life?

    • Concluding observation

    • 12. What Is a Justified Price for Pharmaceutical Drugs?

    • What is an ethically justified price?

    • What costs of research and development justify price?

    • Is market competition a good determinant of drug price?

    • What makes it difficult to discern the true effectiveness of a drug?

    • Should "value-based pricing" be used to determine price?

    • What reforms are needed in markets and regulation?

    • Is patent protection compatible with global justice?

    • Concluding observation

    • 13. Is It Ethical to Genetically Modify Humans?

    • What is gene therapy?

    • What is CRISPR?

    • What safety concerns does CRISPR raise?

    • Who was He Jiankui, and what did he do?

    • What was unethical about what He Jiankui did?

    • Can genetic modification of embryos to prevent disease be justified?

    • What about enhancement?

    • Does enhancement threaten authenticity?

    • Does enhancement violate autonomy?

    • Might enhancement be damaging to parent-child relationships?

    • Are genes more deterministic than environmental influences?

    • Is gene therapy worth the cost?

    • Is genetic enhancement incompatible with social justice?

    • Should we alter human evolution?

    • Concluding thoughts

    • Notes

    • Further Reading

    • Index