Editors Bio Section xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Thermoelectric Power Generators and Their Applications 1
Jianxu Shi and Ke Wang
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Principles of Thermoelectric Conversion 1
1.2.1 Seebeck Effect 1
1.2.2 Peltier Effect 2
1.2.3 Thomson Effect 3
1.2.4 Evaluation Indicators for Thermoelectric Materials and Devices 3
1.3 Thermoelectric Materials 4
1.3.1 Traditional Thermoelectric Materials 4
1.3.2 Half-Heusler Alloys 6
1.3.3 2D Thermoelectric Materials 7
1.3.4 Thermoelectric Liquid Materials 9
1.4 Preparation of Thermoelectric Materials 10
1.5 Thermoelectric Devices and Their Applications 15
1.5.1 Conventional Devices 15
1.5.2 Miniature Devices 16
1.5.3 Flexible Devices 18
1.6 Conclusions and Outlook 20
Acknowledgment 20
References 20
2 Application of Nanomaterials in Organic Solar Cells 27
Tongsiliu Wu
2.1 Introduction 27
2.1.1 Background 27
2.1.2 Mechanisms and Structure of OSCs 28
2.1.3 Advantages of Adding Nanomaterials 30
2.2 Application of Carbon Materials in OSCs 33
2.2.1 Allotropes of Carbon Materials 33
2.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 34
2.2.3 Graphene 36
2.2.4 Fullerene Receptors and Non-fullerene Receptors 38
2.3 Application of Silver Nanowire-based Nanoarrays in OSCs 43
2.3.1 Influence of Nanomicrostructure 43
2.3.2 Silver Nanowires 45
2.4 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 47
2.5 Conclusions 48
References 48
3 Advances in Low-temperature Na-ion Battery Energy Storage 55
Meng Li, Kuan Wang, Qihang Jing, Xuan Yang, Chenxiang Li, Zhou Liao, Dongsheng Geng, and Biwei Xiao
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 LT NIB Cathode Materials 56
3.2.1 Polyanion 57
3.2.2 Layered TMO 59
3.2.3 Prussian Blue and Its Analogues 62
3.3 LT NIB Anode Materials 63
3.3.1 Interleaved Reaction Storage Na Negative Electrode 64
3.3.2 Alloyed Na Storage Anode 66
3.3.3 Transformation-type Na Storage Negative Electrode 68
3.4 LT Organic Electrolyte Research 70
3.4.1 LT Solvent Exploration 71
3.4.2 Selection of Electrolyte Salts 73
3.4.3 Electrolyte Additives 75
3.5 Summary and Outlook 77
References 79
4 Thermochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Solar Energy Utilization 89
Ruolan Hu, Lihui Zhang, Wei Deng, Bo Tong, and Yong Zhao
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Materials/Chemical Reactions and Systems for TCES Technology 91
4.2.1 Gas-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 92
4.2.1.1 Organics Reforming, Decomposition and Gasification 92
4.2.1.2 Ammonia Synthesis/Dissociation 95
4.2.1.3 Sulfur-based Reactions 96
4.2.2 Solid-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 97
4.2.2.1 Carbonates Calcination/Carbonation 97
4.2.2.2 Hydroxides Dehydration/Hydration 101
4.2.2.3 Metal Hydrides Dehydrogenation/Hydrogenation 104
4.2.2.4 Metal Oxides Oxidation/Reduction 107
4.2.3 Liquid-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 111
4.2.3.1 Isopropanol Dehydrogenation/Hydrogenation 111
4.2.3.2 Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate Synthesis/Dissociation 112
4.3 Solar Receivers/Reactors for TCES Systems 112
4.3.1 Gas-Gas TCES Receivers/Reactors 113
4.3.1.1 Solar Methane Reforming Receivers/Reactors 113
4.3.1.2 Solar Methane Decomposition Receivers/Reactors 118
4.3.1.3 Solar Ammonia Dissociation/Synthesis Receivers/Reactors 120
4.3.1.4 Solar Sulfur-based Cycle Receivers/Reactors 123
4.3.2 Solid-Gas TCES Receivers/Reactors 124
4.3.2.1 Fixed/Packed Bed Receivers/Reactors 124
4.3.2.2 Fluidized Bed Receivers/Reactors 129
4.3.2.3 Moving Bed Receivers/Reactors 131
4.4 Conclusion 135
Acknowledgment 137
Conflict of Interest 137
References 137
5 Recent Progress in Triboelectric Nanogenerators and New Challenges 161
Rong Xue and Xiaojia Wei
5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 Recent Research on Potential Mechanism and Four Working Modes of Teng 162
5.2.1 Recent Research on Potential Mechanism 162
5.2.2 CS Mode 163
5.2.3 LS-Mode 165
5.2.4 SE-Mode 168
5.2.5 FT-mode 171
5.3 Conclusion 174
Conflict of Interest 174
References 174
6 Wind Turbine Blades in Wind Power Generation: Manufacturing, Recovery and Reuse 181
Zichun Feng, Chunbao Du, Bingjia Wang, Baoli Li, and Gang Zhang
6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 Recycling of Waste WTBs 182
6.2.1 Manufacturing of WTBs 183
6.2.2 Burial and Incineration 183
6.2.3 Physical Recovery Method 184
6.2.4 Chemical Recovery Methods 184
6.2.4.1 Supercritical Fluid Degradation Method 184
6.2.4.2 Solvent Dissolution Method 186
6.2.5 Thermal Recovery Methods 187
6.2.5.1 High Temperature Pyrolysis Recovery 187
6.2.5.2 Fluidized Bed Method 189
6.2.5.3 Microwave Pyrolysis Method 190
6.2.6 Electrochemical Recovery Treatment Method 191
6.2.7 Energy Recovery Method 193
6.3 Application Procedure for WTBs after Recycling 193
6.3.1 Local Post-cut Reuse 193
6.3.2 Reuse after Crushing 194
6.4 Future Direction of WTB Improvement 196
Conflict of Interest 198
References 198
7 Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells 205
Shichao Ding, Zhaoyuan Lyu, Yu Meng, Yuehe lin, and Jin-Cheng li
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Classification 207
7.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 208
7.2.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 210
7.2.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 211
7.3 Electrocatalysts 211
7.3.1 Noble Metal-Based Catalysts 212
7.3.1.1 Low Pt Catalysts 213
7.3.1.2 Pt-alloy with Carbon Support 214
7.3.2 Non-precious-metal Catalysts 217
7.3.2.1 Transition Metal Oxide-based Catalysts 217
7.3.2.2 Metal-N-C-based Catalysts 218
7.3.3 Non-metal-based Catalyst 221
7.3.3.1 N-doped Carbon-based Catalysts 221
7.3.3.2 Other Heteroatom-doped Catalysts 223
7.4 Future Outlook 224
7.5 Conclusion 225
Acknowledgments 225
Conflict of Interest 226
References 226
8 Carbon Fiber in Renewable Energy Development 233
Guoqing Xu, Tong Li, Feixiang Wang, Zhiqiang Duan, and Yimin Jing
8.1 Introduction 233
8.2 Carbon Fiber Classification: Pitch-Based, Viscose Based, PAN Based 234
8.3 Application of Carbon Fiber 236
8.4 Application of Carbon Fiber in Wind Power 237
8.5 Application of Carbon Fiber in the Photovoltaic Industry 239
8.5.1 Heating Field 239
8.5.2 Photovoltaic Cell Carrier Board 241
8.6 Application of Carbon Fiber in the Hydrogen Production Industry 243
8.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 243
8.6.2 Application of Activated Carbon Fiber in Hydrogen Storage Technology 245
8.7 Redox Fluid Flow Batteries 246
8.8 Phase Change Energy Storage 247
8.9 Biofuel Cells 248
8.10 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 249
8.11 Recycling of Carbon Fiber 250
8.12 Summary 253
References 253
9 Sustainable Carbon Nanofluids of Petroleum Extraction 257
Chunbao Du and Yuan Cheng
9.1 Introduction 257
9.2 Carbon Nanofluids for EOR 259
9.2.1 Graphene-based Nanofluid 259
9.2.2 CNTs-based Nanofluid 262
9.2.3 GO-based Nanofluid 265
9.2.4 QDs-based Nanofluid 269
9.3 Influencing Factors of Carbon Nanofluids on EOR 272
9.4 Mechanisms 274
9.4.1 Wettability 274
9.4.2 Interfacial Tension 274
9.4.3 Separation Pressure 275
9.4.4 Mobility Ratio 275
9.5 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 275
9.6 Conclusions 277
Acknowledgment 277
Conflict of Interest 277
References 277
10 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Chemical Conversion into Fuels 283
Yanan Zhu
10.1 Introduction 283
10.2 CO 2 Capture 284
10.2.1 Technologies for CO 2 Capture 284
10.2.1.1 Pre-combustion Carbon Capture Technology 284
10.2.1.2 Oxy-fuel Combustion Carbon Capture Technology 285
10.2.1.3 Post-combustion Carbon Capture Technology 286
10.2.2 Materials for CO 2 Capture 286
10.2.2.1 Porous Organic Polymers 287
10.2.2.2 Metal-organic Frameworks 288
10.2.2.3 Carbon Materials 290
10.3 Chemical Conversion of CO 2 into Fuels 292
10.3.1 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Catalytic Hydrogenation 293
10.3.2 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Photocatalysis 295
10.3.3 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Electrocatalysis 297
10.4 Conclusions 299
Acknowledgment 299
Conflict of Interest 299
References 299
Index 307
