To the Teacher....................................................................................................................... xi

Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... xii

Chapter Overview................................................................................................................xiii

PART I: WRITING A PARAGRAPH

Chapter 1 Academic Paragraphs...................................................................2

Introduction ...................................................................................................................3

Analyzing the Model......................................................................................................3

Noticing Vocabulary: Word Families ......................................................................4

Organization .................................................................................................................5

Formatting the Page.....................................................................................................6

Mechanics ...................................................................................................................10

Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................14

Simple Sentences.......................................................................................................14

Phrases.........................................................................................................................15

Subject-Verb Agreement............................................................................................16

Fragments.....................................................................................................................18

Applying Vocabulary: Using Nouns and Verbs.....................................................19

The Writing Process ................................................................................................21

Listing ...........................................................................................................................21

Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about Someone Who Made a Difference......27

Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................29

Expansion ....................................................................................................................29

Timed Writing: A Paragraph about Someone Who Taught You a Lesson.........29

Journal Writing.............................................................................................................30

Chapter 2 Narrative Paragraphs...................................................................31

Introduction .................................................................................................................32

Analyzing the Model....................................................................................................32

Noticing Vocabulary: Compound Nouns...............................................................33

Organization ...............................................................................................................34

Time-Order Signals.....................................................................................................34

Purpose .........................................................................................................................38

Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................39

Analyzing the Model....................................................................................................39

Compound Sentences................................................................................................40

Coordinating Conjunctions........................................................................................41

Punctuation .................................................................................................................44

Three Comma Rules...................................................................................................44

Applying Vocabulary: Using Compound Nouns...................................................46

Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................46

Freewriting....................................................................................................................47

Writing Assignment: A Narrative Paragraph about a Memorable Experience....48

Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................49

Expansion ....................................................................................................................49

Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Time You Disobeyed Rules.......................49

Journal Writing.............................................................................................................50

Chapter 3 Basic Paragraph Structure......................................................51

Introduction .................................................................................................................52

Analyzing the Model....................................................................................................52

Noticing Vocabulary: Adjectives ...........................................................................53

Organization ...............................................................................................................54

The Topic Sentence....................................................................................................54

Supporting Sentences: Main Points.........................................................................61

Supporting Details: Examples...................................................................................62

The Concluding Sentence..........................................................................................64

Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................69

Analyzing the Model....................................................................................................69

Adjectives and Adverbs in Basic Sentences...........................................................70

Applying Vocabulary: Using Adjectives.................................................................72

Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................73

Outlining........................................................................................................................73

The Detailed Outline....................................................................................................74

Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about a Hobby or Sport...............................76

Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................77

Expansion ....................................................................................................................77

Timed Writing: A Paragraph about a Relaxing Activity.........................................77

Summary Writing.........................................................................................................78

Chapter 4 Logical Division of Ideas...........................................................79

Introduction .................................................................................................................80

Analyzing the Model....................................................................................................80

Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms.............................................................................81

Organization ...............................................................................................................82

Logical Division of Ideas............................................................................................82

Unity in the Supporting Sentences of a Paragraph................................................85

Coherence in the Supporting Sentences of a Paragraph......................................86

Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................96

Run-ons and Comma Splices...................................................................................96

Correcting Run-ons and Comma Splices................................................................96

Finding Run-ons and Comma Splices.....................................................................96

Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms and Near Synonyms............................99

Writing Assignment: A Paragraph about Shopping Habits................................99

Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................100

Expansion ..................................................................................................................101

Timed Writing: A Paragraph for Students about Shopping...............................101

Summary Writing.......................................................................................................101

Chapter 5 Process Paragraphs...................................................................102

Introduction ...............................................................................................................103

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................103

Noticing Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs.....................................................................104

Organization .............................................................................................................105

Topic Sentences in Process Paragraphs...............................................................105

Supporting Sentences in Process Paragraphs.....................................................105

Concluding Sentences in Process Paragraphs....................................................105

Using Time Order in Process Paragraphs.............................................................106

Purpose .......................................................................................................................109

Audience ....................................................................................................................109

Sentence Structure ................................................................................................110

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................110

Clauses and Complex Sentences...........................................................................112

Applying Vocabulary: Using Phrasal Verbs.........................................................117

Writing Assignment: A Process Paragraph about Self-Improvement.............118

Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................119

Expansion ..................................................................................................................120

Timed Writing: A Paragraph about Learning English Vocabulary.....................120

Email to a Professor..................................................................................................120

Chapter 6 Definition Paragraphs................................................................121

Introduction ...............................................................................................................122

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................122

Noticing Vocabulary: Word Knowledge...............................................................123

Organization .............................................................................................................124

Sentence Structure ................................................................................................128

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................128

Appositives.................................................................................................................129

Adjective Clauses......................................................................................................131

Complex Sentences with Adjective Clauses.........................................................133

Applying Vocabulary: Using Word Knowledge...................................................142

Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................143

Clustering...................................................................................................................143

Writing Assignment: A Paragraph That Defines a Word, Concept, or Custom....144

Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................145

Expansion ..................................................................................................................146

Timed Writing: A Paragraph That Defines Family................................................146

Paraphrasing..............................................................................................................146

Chapter 7 Cause / Effect Paragraphs.....................................................148

Introduction ...............................................................................................................149

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................149

Noticing Vocabulary: Prefixes...............................................................................150

Organization .............................................................................................................151

Topic Sentences in Cause / Effect Paragraphs....................................................151

Supporting Sentences in Cause / Effect Paragraphs..........................................152

Concluding Sentences in Cause / Effect Paragraphs..........................................152

Sentence Structure ................................................................................................160

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................160

Cause / Effect Transition Signals............................................................................161

Applying Vocabulary: Using Prefixes...................................................................167

Writing Assignment: A Cause / Effect Paragraph about a Social Issue.........168

Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................169

Expansion ..................................................................................................................169

Timed Writing: A Paragraph about the Positive Effects of Walking..................169

Double-Entry Journal Writing..................................................................................170

Chapter 8 Comparison / Contrast Paragraphs................................171

Introduction ...............................................................................................................172

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................172

Noticing Vocabulary: Antonyms...........................................................................173

Organization .............................................................................................................174

Topic Sentences in Comparison / Contrast Paragraphs.....................................175

Supporting Sentences in Comparison / Contrast Paragraphs...........................175

Concluding Sentences in Comparison / Contrast Paragraphs..........................176

Sentence Structure ................................................................................................182

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................182

Transition Signals for Comparison..........................................................................183

Transition Signals for Contrast................................................................................187

Applying Vocabulary: Using Antonyms................................................................190

Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................191

Conducting an Interview..........................................................................................191

Writing Assignment: A Comparison / Contrast Paragraph about Education....194

Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................195

Expansion ..................................................................................................................195

Timed Writing: A Paragraph about Your Education vs. a Parent’s....................195

Double-Entry Journal Writing..................................................................................196

PART II: WRITING AN ESSAY

Chapter 9 Essay Organization......................................................................198

Introduction ...............................................................................................................199

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................199

Noticing Vocabulary: Formal and Informal Words.............................................201

Organization .............................................................................................................202

Introductory Paragraphs..........................................................................................203

Body Paragraphs.......................................................................................................205

Concluding Paragraphs............................................................................................206

Transitions between Paragraphs.............................................................................209

Essay Outlining..........................................................................................................213

The Writing Process ..............................................................................................215

Applying Vocabulary: Using Formal and Informal Vocabulary.........................218

Writing Assignment: An Essay about Nonverbal Communication..................219

Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................220

Expansion ..................................................................................................................221

Timed Writing: An Essay about Body Language in Your Native Culture..........221

Summary Writing.......................................................................................................221

Chapter 10 Opinion Essays............................................................................222

Introduction ...............................................................................................................223

Analyzing the Model..................................................................................................223

Noticing Vocabulary: Collocations.......................................................................225

Organization .............................................................................................................226

Introductory Paragraphs in Opinion Essays..........................................................226

Body Paragraphs in Opinion Essays......................................................................228

Concluding Paragraphs in Opinion Essays...........................................................230

Developing Supporting Details .........................................................................230

Quotations..................................................................................................................230

Statistics.....................................................................................................................232

Applying Vocabulary: Using Collocations...........................................................235

Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................236

Conducting a Survey................................................................................................236

Writing Assignment: An Opinion Essay about Getting a Good Education.......237

Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................238

Expansion ..................................................................................................................238

Timed Writing: An Opinion Essay about Homework...........................................238

Writing an Opinion for Publication..........................................................................239

APPENDICES

Appendix A Grammar Terms....................................................................................240

Appendix B Sentence Types and Connecting Words..........................................243

Appendix C Connecting Words and Transition Signals.......................................246

Appendix D Punctuation Rules................................................................................248

Appendix E Correction Symbols.............................................................................250

Appendix F Peer Review and Writer’s Self-Check Worksheets..........................253

Index....................................................................................................................................274

Credits.................................................................................................................................279

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Longman Academic Writing Series Paragrahs to Essays SB w/App, Online Practice & Digital Resources Lvl 3

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