Preface xv
1 Era of Computational Cognitive Techniques in Healthcare Systems 1
Deependra Rastogi, Varun Tiwari, Shobhit Kumar and Prabhat Chandra Gupta
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Cognitive Science 3
1.3 Gap Between Classical Theory of Cognition 4
1.4 Cognitive Computing's Evolution 6
1.5 The Coming Era of Cognitive Computing 7
1.6 Cognitive Computing Architecture 9
1.6.1 The Internet-of-Things and Cognitive Computing 10
1.6.2 Big Data and Cognitive Computing 11
1.6.3 Cognitive Computing and Cloud Computing 13
1.7 Enabling Technologies in Cognitive Computing 13
1.7.1 Reinforcement Learning and Cognitive Computing 13
1.7.2 Cognitive Computing with Deep Learning 15
1.7.2.1 Relational Technique and Perceptual Technique 15
1.7.2.2 Cognitive Computing and Image Understanding 16
1.8 Intelligent Systems in Healthcare 17
1.8.1 Intelligent Cognitive System in Healthcare (Why and How) 20
1.9 The Cognitive Challenge 32
1.9.1 Case Study: Patient Evacuation 32
1.9.2 Case Study: Anesthesiology 32
1.10 Conclusion 34
References 35
2 Proposal of a Metaheuristic Algorithm of Cognitive Computing for Classification of Erythrocytes and Leukocytes in Healthcare Informatics 41
Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro, Reinaldo Padilha França, Rangel Arthur and Yuzo Iano
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Literature Concept 44
2.2.1 Cognitive Computing Concept 44
2.2.2 Neural Networks Concepts 47
2.2.3 Convolutional Neural Network 49
2.2.4 Deep Learning 52
2.3 Materials and Methods (Metaheuristic Algorithm Proposal) 55
2.4 Case Study and Discussion 57
2.5 Conclusions with Future Research Scopes 60
References 61
3 Convergence of Big Data and Cognitive Computing in Healthcare 67
R. Sathiyaraj, U. Rahamathunnisa, M.V. Jagannatha Reddy and T. Parameswaran
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Literature Review 70
3.2.1 Role of Cognitive Computing in Healthcare Applications 70
3.2.2 Research Problem Study by IBM 73
3.2.3 Purpose of Big Data in Healthcare 74
3.2.4 Convergence of Big Data with Cognitive Computing 74
3.2.4.1 Smart Healthcare 74
3.2.4.2 Big Data and Cognitive Computing-Based Smart Healthcare 75
3.3 Using Cognitive Computing and Big Data, a Smart Healthcare Framework for EEG Pathology Detection and Classification 76
3.3.1 EEG Pathology Diagnoses 76
3.3.2 Cognitive-Big Data-Based Smart Healthcare 77
3.3.3 System Architecture 79
3.3.4 Detection and Classification of Pathology 80
3.3.4.1 EEG Preprocessing and Illustration 80
3.3.4.2 CNN Model 80
3.3.5 Case Study 81
3.4 An Approach to Predict Heart Disease Using Integrated Big Data and Cognitive Computing in Cloud 83
3.4.1 Cloud Computing with Big Data in Healthcare 86
3.4.2 Heart Diseases 87
3.4.3 Healthcare Big Data Techniques 88
3.4.3.1 Rule Set Classifiers 88
3.4.3.2 Neuro Fuzzy Classifiers 89
3.4.3.3 Experimental Results 91
3.5 Conclusion 92
References 93
4 IoT for Health, Safety, Well-Being, Inclusion, and Active Aging 97
R. Indrakumari, Nilanjana Pradhan, Shrddha Sagar and Kiran Singh
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 The Role of Technology in an Aging Society 99
4.3 Literature Survey 100
4.4 Health Monitoring 101
4.5 Nutrition Monitoring 105
4.6 Stress-Log: An IoT-Based Smart Monitoring System 106
4.7 Active Aging 108
4.8 Localization 108
4.9 Navigation Care 111
4.10 Fall Monitoring 113
4.10.1 Fall Detection System Architecture 114
4.10.2 Wearable Device 114
4.10.3 Wireless Communication Network 114
4.10.4 Smart IoT Gateway 115
4.10.5 Interoperability 115
4.10.6 Transformation of Data 115
4.10.7 Analyzer for Big Data 115
4.11 Conclusion 115
References 116
5 Influence of Cognitive Computing in Healthcare Applications 121
Lucia Agnes Beena T. and Vinolyn Vijaykumar
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Bond Between Big Data and Cognitive Computing 124
5.3 Need for Cognitive Computing in Healthcare 126
5.4 Conceptual Model Linking Big Data and Cognitive Computing 128
5.4.1 Significance of Big Data 128
5.4.2 The Need for Cognitive Computing 129
5.4.3 The Association Between the Big Data and Cognitive Computing 130
5.4.4 The Advent of Cognition in Healthcare 132
5.5 IBM's Watson and Cognitive Computing 133
5.5.1 Industrial Revolution with Watson 134
5.5.2 The IBM's Cognitive Computing Endeavour in Healthcare 135
5.6 Future Directions 137
5.6.1 Retail 138
5.6.2 Research 139
5.6.3 Travel 139
5.6.4 Security and Threat Detection 139
5.6.5 Cognitive Training Tools 140
5.7 Conclusion 141
References 141
6 An Overview of the Computational Cognitive from a Modern Perspective, Its Techniques and Application Potential in Healthcare Systems 145
Reinaldo Padilha França, Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro, Rangel Arthur and Yuzo Iano
6.1 Introduction 146
6.2 Literature Concept 148
6.2.1 Cognitive Computing Concept 148
6.2.1.1 Application Potential 151
6.2.2 Cognitive Computing in Healthcare 153
6.2.3 Deep Learning in Healthcare 157
6.2.4 Natural Language Processing in Healthcare 160
6.3 Discussion 162
6.4 Trends 163
6.5 Conclusions 164
References 165
7 Protecting Patient Data with 2F- Authentication 169
G. S. Pradeep Ghantasala, Anu Radha Reddy and R. Mohan Krishna Ayyappa
7.1 Introduction 170
7.2 Literature Survey 175
7.3 Two-Factor Authentication 177
7.3.1 Novel Features of Two-Factor Authentication 178
7.3.2 Two-Factor Authentication Sorgen 178
7.3.3 Two-Factor Security Libraries 179
7.3.4 Challenges for Fitness Concern 180
7.4 Proposed Methodology 181
7.5 Medical Treatment and the Preservation of Records 186
7.5.1 Remote Method of Control 187
7.5.2 Enabling Healthcare System Technology 187
7.6 Conclusion 189
References 190
8 Data Analytics for Healthcare Monitoring and Inferencing 197
Gend Lal Prajapati, Rachana Raghuwanshi and Rambabu Raghuwanshi
8.1 An Overview of Healthcare Systems 198
8.2 Need of Healthcare Systems 198
8.3 Basic Principle of Healthcare Systems 199
8.4 Design and Recommended Structure of Healthcare Systems 199
8.4.1 Healthcare System Designs on the Basis of these Parameters 200
8.4.2 Details of Healthcare Organizational Structure 201
8.5 Various Challenges in Conventional Existing Healthcare System 202
8.6 Health Informatics 202
8.7 Information Technology Use in Healthcare Systems 203
8.8 Details of Various Information Technology Application Use in Healthcare Systems 203
8.9 Healthcare Information Technology Makes it Possible to Manage Patient Care and Exchange of Health Information Data, Details are Given Below 204
8.10 Barriers and Challenges to Implementation of Information Technology in Healthcare Systems 205
8.11 Healthcare Data Analytics 206
8.12 Healthcare as a Concept 206
8.13 Healthcare's Key Technologies 207
8.14 The Present State of Smart Healthcare Application 207
8.15 Data Analytics with Machine Learning Use in Healthcare Systems 208
8.16 Benefit of Data Analytics in Healthcare System 210
8.17 Data Analysis and Visualization: COVID-19 Case Study in India 210
8.18 Bioinformatics Data Analytics 222
8.18.1 Notion of Bioinformatics 222
8.18.2 Bioinformatics Data Challenges 222
8.18.3 Sequence Analysis 222
8.18.4 Applications 223
8.18.5 COVID-19: A Bioinformatics Approach 224
8.19 Conclusion 224
References 225
9 Features Optimistic Approach for the Detection of Parkinson's Disease 229
R. Shantha Selva Kumari, L. Vaishalee and P. Malavikha
9.1 Introduction 230
9.1.1 Parkinson's Disease 230
9.1.2 Spect Scan 231
9.2 Literature Survey 232
9.3 Methods and Materials 233
9.3.1 Database Details 233
9.3.2 Procedure 234
9.3.3 Pre-Processing Done by PPMI 235
9.3.4 Image Analysis and Features Extraction 235
9.3.4.1 Image Slicing 235
9.3.4.2 Intensity Normalization 237
9.3.4.3 Image Segmentation 239
9.3.4.4 Shape Features Extraction 240
9.3.4.5 SBR Features 241
9.3.4.6 Feature Set Analysis 242
9.3.4.7 Surface Fitting 242
9.3.5 Classification Modeling 243
9.3.6 Feature Importance Estimation 246
9.3.6.1 Need for Analysis of Important Features 246
9.3.6.2 Random Forest 247
9.4 Results and Discussion 248
9.4.1 Segmentation 248
9.4.2 Shape Analysis 249
9.4.3 Classification 249
9.5 Conclusion 252
References 253
10 Big Data Analytics in Healthcare 257
Akanksha Sharma, Rishabha Malviya and Ramji Gupta
10.1 Introduction 258
10.2 Need for Big Data Analytics 260
10.3 Characteristics of Big Data 264
10.3.1 Volume 264
10.3.2 Velocity 265
10.3.3 Variety 265
10.3.4 Veracity 265
10.3.5 Value 265
10.3.6 Validity 265
10.3.7 Variability 266
10.3.8 Viscosity 266
10.3.9 Virality 266
10.3.10 Visualization 266
10.4 Big Data Analysis in Disease Treatment and Management 267
10.4.1 For Diabetes 267
10.4.2 For Heart Disease 268
10.4.3 For Chronic Disease 270
10.4.4 For Neurological Disease 271
10.4.5 For Personalized Medicine 271
10.5 Big Data: Databases and Platforms in Healthcare 279
10.6 Importance of Big Data in Healthcare 285
10.6.1 Evidence-Based Care 285
10.6.2 Reduced Cost of Healthcare 285
10.6.3 Increases the Participation of Patients in the Care Process 285
10.6.4 The Implication in Health Surveillance 285
10.6.5 Reduces Mortality Rate 285
10.6.6 Increase of Communication Between Patients and Healthcare Providers 286
10.6.7 Early Detection of Fraud and Security Threats in Health Management 286
10.6.8 Improvement in the Care Quality 286
10.7 Application of Big Data Analytics 286
10.7.1 Image Processing 286
10.7.2 Signal Processing 287
10.7.3 Genomics 288
10.7.4 Bioinformatics Applications 289
10.7.5 Clinical Informatics Application 291
10.8 Conclusion 293
References 294
11 Case Studies of Cognitive Computing in Healthcare Systems: Disease Prediction, Genomics Studies, Medical Image Analysis, Patient Care, Medical Diagnostics, Drug Discovery 303
V. Sathananthavathi and G. Indumathi
11.1 Introduction 304
11.1.1 Glaucoma 304
11.2 Literature Survey 306
11.3 Methodology 309
11.3.1 Sclera Segmentation 310
11.3.1.1 Fully Convolutional Network 311
11.3.2 Pupil/Iris Ratio 313
11.3.2.1 Canny Edge Detection 314
11.3.2.2 Mean Redness Level (MRL) 315
11.3.2.3 Red Area Percentage (RAP) 316
11.4 Results and Discussion 317
11.4.1 Feature Extraction from Frontal Eye Images 318
11.4.1.1 Level of Mean Redness (MRL) 318
11.4.1.2 Percentage of Red Area (RAP) 318
11.4.2 Images of the Frontal Eye Pupil/Iris Ratio 318
11.4.2.1 Histogram Equalization 319
11.4.2.2 Morphological Reconstruction 319
11.4.2.3 Canny Edge Detection 319
11.4.2.4 Adaptive Thresholding 320
11.4.2.5 Circular Hough Transform 321
11.4.2.6 Classification 322
11.5 Conclusion and Future Work 324
References 325
12 State of Mental Health and Social Media: Analysis, Challenges, Advancements 327
Atul Pankaj Patil, Kusum Lata Jain, Smaranika Mohapatra and Suyesha Singh
12.1 Introduction 328
12.2 Introduction to Big Data and Data Mining 328
12.3 Role of Sentimental Analysis in the Healthcare Sector 330
12.4 Case Study: Analyzing Mental Health 332
12.4.1 Problem Statement 332
12.4.2 Research Objectives 333
12.4.3 Methodology and Framework 333
12.4.3.1 Big 5 Personality Model 333
12.4.3.2 Openness to Explore 334
12.4.3.3 Methodology 335
12.4.3.4 Detailed Design Methodologies 340
12.4.3.5 Work Done Details as Required 341
12.5 Results and Discussion 343
12.6 Conclusion and Future 345
References 346
13 Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Internet-of-Things in Management of Chronic Disease 349
Geetanjali, Rishabha Malviya, Rajendra Awasthi, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Nidhi Kala, Vinod Kumar and Sanjay Kumar Yadav
13.1 Introduction 350
13.2 Artificial Intelligence and Management of Chronic Diseases 351
13.3 Blockchain and Healthcare 354
13.3.1 Blockchain and Healthcare Management of Chronic Disease 355
13.4 Internet-of-Things and Healthcare Management of Chronic Disease 358
13.5 Conclusions 360
References 360
14 Research Challenges and Future Directions in Applying Cognitive Computing in the Healthcare Domain 367
BKSP Kumar Raju Alluri
14.1 Introduction 367
14.2 Cognitive Computing Framework in Healthcare 371
14.3 Benefits of Using Cognitive Computing for Healthcare 372
14.4 Applications of Deploying Cognitive Assisted Technology in Healthcare Management 374
14.4.1 Using Cognitive Services for a Patient's Healthcare Management 375
14.4.2 Using Cognitive Services for Healthcare Providers 376
14.5 Challenges in Using the Cognitive Assistive Technology in Healthcare Management 377
14.6 Future Directions for Extending Heathcare Services Using CATs 380
14.7 Addressing CAT Challenges in Healthcare as a General Framework 384
14.8 Conclusion 384
References 385
Index 391
