• PART I. MORAL FOUNDATIONS
• 1. Moral Norms
• Normative and Nonnormative Ethics
• The Common Morality as Universal Morality
• Particular Moralities as Nonuniversal
• Moral Dilemmas
• A Framework of Moral Principles
• Conflicting Moral Norms
• 2. Moral Character
• The Concept of Moral Virtue
• Virtues in Professional Roles
• The Central Virtue of Caring
• Five Focal Virtues
• Moral Ideals
• Moral Excellence
• 3. Moral Status
• The Problem of Moral Status
• Theories of Moral Status
• From Theories to Practical Guidelines
• The Moral Significance of Moral Status
• Vulnerable Populations and Vulnerable Individuals
• PART II. MORAL PRINCIPLES
• 4. Respect for Autonomy
• The Concept of Autonomy and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy
• The Capacity for Autonomous Choice
• The Meaning and Justification of Informed Consent
• Disclosure
• Understanding
• Voluntariness
• Surrogate Decision Making for Nonautonomous Patients
• 5. Nonmaleficence
• The Concept and Principle of Nonmaleficence
• Distinctions and Rules Governing Nontreatment Decisions
• Optional Treatments and Obligatory Treatments
• Killing and Letting Die
• Intentionally Arranged Deaths: When, If Ever, Are They Justified?
• Protecting Incompetent Patients from Harm
• Whose Risks and Whose Benefits? Problems of Underprotection and Overprotection in Research
• 6. Beneficence
• The Concept of Beneficence and Principles of Beneficence
• Obligatory Beneficence and Ideal Beneficence
• Paternalism: Conflicts between Beneficence and Respect for Autonomy
• Balancing Benefits, Costs, and Risks
• The Value and Quality of Life
• 7. Justice
• The Concept of Justice and Principles of Justice
• Traditional Theories of Justice
• Two Theories Closely Connected to the Value of Health
• Fair Opportunity and Unfair Discrimination
• Vulnerability, Exploitation, and Discrimination in Research
• National Health Policy and the Right to Health Care
• Global Health Policy and the Right to Health
• Allocating, Setting Priorities, and Rationing
• 8. Professional-Patient Relationships
• Veracity
• Privacy
• Confidentiality
• Fidelity
• The Distinction between Clinical Ethics and Research Ethics
• PART III. THEORY AND METHOD
• 9. Moral Theories
• Criteria for Assessing Moral Theories
• Utilitarian Theory
• Kantian Theory
• Rights Theory
• Virtue Theory
• The Convergence of Theories on Principles
• 10. Method and Moral Justification
• Justification in Ethics
• Top-Down Models: Theory and Application
• Bottom-Up Models: Cases and Analogical Reasoning
• An Integrated Model: Reflective Equilibrium
• Common-Morality Theory