Preface 10
Introduction Designing Interiors 13
1 Prehistory to Early Civilizations 19
Prehistoric Interiors 19
Archeological Evidence 19
The First Shelters 19 Dolmens and Barrows 20
Evidence from Tribal Cultures 21
Pattern and Design 23
The First Permanent Settlements 24
Mesopotamia: Sumeria 25
Pre-Columbian America 26
North America 26 Central America 27 South America 30
Ancient Egypt 32
Geometry and Proportion 32 Egyptian Temples and Houses 33 Egyptian Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 34
2 Classical Civilizations: Greece and Rome 37
Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures 37
Knossos 37
Mycenae and Tiryns 38
Greece 38
The Temple 38
insights The Growth of Athens 39
Secular Interiors 42
Rome 44
Arches, Vaults, and Domes 44
Amphitheaters and Baths 46
Temples 46
insights The Cost of Living in Ancient Rome 48
Secular Buildings 49
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 52
The Legacy of Rome: Technology 52
3 Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque 55
Early Christian Design 55
Byzantine Design 57
Ravenna 57
insights The Ravenna Mosaics 58
Constantinople 59
Hagia Sophia 59
Secular Buildings 61
Early Medieval: The "Dark Ages" 61 The Romanesque Style 62
Churches 63
Germany 63 Italy 64 France 65 England 67 Scandinavia 67
Fortresses and Castles 68
Monasteries and Abbeys 69
insights The Abbey at Cluny 70
Houses 71
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 73
Spanish Romanesque 74
4 Islamic and Asian Traditions 77
Islamic Influence 77
Mosques and Palaces 78
Islamic Influence in Spain 81
The Mosque in Spain 81
Islamic Furnishings 82
India and Pakistan 85
Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Architecture 85
Hindu Religious and Secular Buildings 87
Jain Architecture 88 Northern and Southern
Styles of Temple 89
Islamic Influence in India 89
insights Bernier's Account of the Taj Mahal 90
Indian Furnishings 93
Western Influence 94
Cambodia 94
Thailand 96
Indonesia 96
China 97
Chinese Architecture 97
Chinese Furnishings 100
Korea 102
Japan 103
Japanese Furnishings 107
5 The Later Middle Ages 109
Elements of Gothic Style 109
New Construction Techniques 110
Gothic Cathedrals and Churches 113
France 114
England 117
Elsewhere in Europe 118
Secular Gothic Buildings 121
insights Construction Work in a Medieval Building 121
Castles and Palaces 123
Medieval Houses 126
Innovations in Domestic Comfort 126
6 The Renaissance in Italy 131
The Rise of Humanism 131
Renaissance Interest in History 132
Elements of Renaissance Style 132
The Early Renaissance 133
Brunelleschi 134
Michelozzo 136
Alberti 138
The High Renaissance 138
Bramante 138
Palaces 141
insights Vasari's Account of the Farnese Palace 141
The Late Renaissance and Mannerism 144
Michelangelo 144
Romano 146
Palladio 146
Vignola 150
Interior Furnishings 150
Furniture 151
Coverings 153
7 Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 155
Elements of Baroque Style 155
The Baroque in Italy 156
Rome 156
Bernini 156 Borromini 158
Venice 160
Longhena 160
Turin 161
Guarini 161 Juvarra 162
Baroque in Northern Europe 163
Austria 163
Switzerland 165
Germany 166
Furniture and Other Interior Features 169
8 Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo in France and Spain 173
France 173
Early Renaissance 174
High Renaissance 176
Baroque 179
insights Louis XIV and Versailles 180
Versailles 181 Louvre 182 Baroque Churches
182 Furniture and Furnishings 184
Regency to Rococo 185
Paris Hôtels Particuliers 186 The Petit Trianon
186 Regency and Rococo Furniture 187
Rococo to Neoclassicism 188
The Empire Style 190
insights Charles Percier and Pierre François-
Léonard Fontaine: The Empire Style 191
Provincial Style 192
Spain 194
Plateresco 194
Desornamentado 194
Churrigueresco 194
Furniture and Other Interior Features 197
9 Renaissance to Georgian in the
Low Countries and England 199
Low Countries 199
Civic Buildings 199
Private Dwellings 200
England 201
Tudor 201
Elizabethan 202
Elizabethan Furniture 203
Jacobean 204
Jones 204 Jacobean Interior Furnishings 206
From Carolean to William and Mary 206
Wren 206 Carolean and William and Mary
Interior Furnishings 209
Queen Anne 210
Queen Anne Furniture 211
Georgian 211
Robert and James Adam 212
insights Robert Adam and Syon House 212
Georgian Town Houses 214 Other Building
Types 215 Georgian Furniture and Interior
Furnishings 215
10 Colonial and Federal America 219
Colonial Styles in Latin America 219
Colonial Styles in North America 220
Early Colonial Houses 221
Early Colonial Interior Furnishings 222
Churches and Meeting Houses 223
American Georgian 224
American Georgian Houses 224
American Georgian and Queen Anne Furniture 227
Late Colonial Public Buildings 228
Federal Styles 230
Jefferson 230
Bulfinch 231
Thornton and Latrobe 231
Furniture of the Federal Period 234
Other Furnishings of the Federal Period 236
11 The Regency, Greek Revival, and the Industrial Revolution 239
Regency 239
Nash 239
Soane 240
Regency Furniture 240
Greek Revival 241
Germany 242
England 242
United States 242
The Industrial Revolution 245
Early Industrialization and Inventions 245
Industry and Interiors 246
12 The Victorian Era 249
Victorian Style 249
Gothic Revival in Britain 249
Shopping 253 A Great Exhibition 254
Aristocrats and Plutocrats 257
Other British Revivalist Styles 258
United States: Victorian Variations 260
Gothic Revival 260
American Homes 262
A Centennial Exhibition 263
Later American Indigenous Styles 264
Shingle 264 Adirondack 264 Shaker 264
insights The Shaker Philosophy 265
13 The Aesthetic Movements 267
Britain: Arts and Crafts Movement 267
Arbiters of Taste and Virtue 267
Morris 268
Ashbee 269
Voysey 269
Scott 271
Asian Influences 271
Arts and Crafts in the United States 273
The Craftsman Movement 273
Japanese Influences 274
Emergence of Women Designers 276
United States 276
Wheeler 276 Wharton 277
Britain 277
Agnes and Rhoda Garrett 277
14 Eclecticism and a New World 279
Ecole des Beaux-Arts 281
United States 282
Building High 282
Office Interiors 284 Apartments and
Hotels 285
Public Buildings 285
Furniture and Fittings in Excess 287
Furnishing the Home 288
Shopping 290
High Style 291
Ocean Liners 293
Movie Theaters 294
Europe 295
15 Art Nouveau and the Viennese Secession 297
Roots and Characteristics of Art Nouveau 297
Britain 297
Mackintosh 298
France 300
Guimard 300
School of Nancy 301
Other French Designers 302
Belgium 302
Horta 302
Van de Velde 303
Austria: The Vienna Secession 304
Olbrich 305
Wagner 306
Hoffmann 307
Moser 309
Germany: Jugendstil 310
Riemerschmid 310
Endell 310
Scandinavia and the Baltic 311
Spain 311
Gaudí 311
United States 312
Tiffany 312
Sullivan 313
16 The Emergence of Modernism 315
Sullivan 315
Wright 317
Change in Europe 323
The Radicals 323
Duchamp 323 Loos 324
War and Revolution 326
Le Corbusier 326
De Stijl 327
Van Doesburg 327
Rietveld 328
17 Modernism 331
Pioneers of Modernism 331
Le Corbusier and His Five Rules 331
Early Work 332
insights Le Corbusier and Color 335
Perriand 336
Gropius and the Bauhaus 337
Mies van der Rohe 339
Mies and Johnson 340
Reich 342
Skeptics 343
18 Art Deco 347
France 347
Mallet-Stevens 349
Gray 353
insights Eileen Gray, Le Corbusier, and
E1027 355
Górska 356
Frank 357
Chareau 357
Ocean Liners 360
United States 360
Designers from Europe 360
Architecture 361
Britain 363
Scandinavia 364
Sweden 364
Denmark 365
An Alternative Modernity 365
United States 365
De Wolfe 365 Wood 365 Draper 366
Sister Parish 366 Elkins 366
Britain 367
Joel 367 Maugham 368 Dorn 369
Lancaster 369
19 Modernist Design in Europe 371
Britain 371
Italy 374
Scandinavia 375
Alvar and Aino Aalto 375
Switzerland 377
Furniture Design 378
20 Modernist Design in the United States 381
Architects and Designers 381
Wright 381
insights The Solomon R. Guggenheim
Museum 383
Gill 384
Schindler 385
Neutra 386
Lescaze 387
International Style 387
Continuity and Modernity 388
Robsjohn-Gibbings 388
Wormley 389
Residential and Industrial Design 389
Streamline 389
A New Breed of Designer 390
Loewy 390 Teague 390 Bel Geddes 391
Dreyfuss 392 Rohde 392 Russel and Mary
Wright 393 Liebes 393 Greta and Walter
von Nessen 393
The Streamlined Home 394
Eating Out 394
21 The Post-War World 1945-80 397
United States 397
Residential Design 397
An Ideal Home 398
Furnishings 401
insights Modernism and Social
Environments 403
Europe 404
Britain 404
Festival of Britain 405 The Home Front 406
Italy 408
Denmark 410
The 1960s: Britain and a Shift in Soft Power 413
Retail 413
The Modern Home 416
Domestic Experiments 416
insights Interior Design vs. Architecture 417
Hospitality 418
Office Design 419
22 Postmodernism 421
United States 421
Venturi and Others 421
Graves 424
Austria 425
Hollein 425
Britain 426
Connor 426
Powell-Tuck 428
Kelly 428
Jiricna 429
Pawson 431
Coates 432
insights Finding an Audience 433
Collins 434
France 435
Putnam 435
Starck 435
Italy 436
Sottsass and the Memphis Group 436
Mendini 437
Branzi 437
Aulenti 438
Spain 439
23 Computers, Conservation, and Moral Concerns 443
Digitality 443
Sustainability 445
Retail 446
Hospitality 449
Workplace 452
Residential 454
Healthcare 455
Education 457
Furniture and Furnishings 458
The Future 461
Glossary 462
Bibliography 468
Picture Credits 474
Index 478
