Produktbild: Fundamentals of Fragrance Chemistry

Fundamentals of Fragrance Chemistry

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

29.05.2019

Abbildungen

farbige Illustrationen, schwarz-weiss Illustrationen

Verlag

Wiley-VCH

Seitenzahl

416

Maße (L/B/H)

24,5/17,2/3,8 cm

Gewicht

812 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-527-34577-9

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

29.05.2019

Abbildungen

farbige Illustrationen, schwarz-weiss Illustrationen

Verlag

Wiley-VCH

Seitenzahl

416

Maße (L/B/H)

24,5/17,2/3,8 cm

Gewicht

812 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-527-34577-9

Herstelleradresse

Wiley-VCH GmbH
Boschstraße 12
69469 Weinheim
DE

Email: wiley-vch@kolibri360.de

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  • Produktbild: Fundamentals of Fragrance Chemistry
  • Preface xi

    Introduction xiii

    1 The Structure of Matter 1

    The Route to the Atomic Theory 1

    The Atomic Theory, Atomic Number, and Atomic Weight 4

    Atomic Structure 7

    Isotopes 8

    The Electronic Structure of Atoms 9

    Electronic Structure of Transition Metals 11

    Hybridisation of Orbitals 11

    Chemical Bonding, Ions, Cations, Anions, and Molecules 12

    Review Questions 16

    2 Carbon 1 - Hydrocarbons 17

    Ethane: Conformational Isomers 17

    Alkanes: Structural Isomers 20

    Alkenes: Geometric Isomers 22

    Alkynes 26

    Cyclic Structures 26

    Polycyclic Structures 28

    Greek Letters 30

    Aromatic Rings 31

    Stereoisomerism 33

    Rules for Hydrocarbon Nomenclature 36

    Quick Rules for Isomers 37

    Stereoisomers 37

    Review Questions 38

    3 Carbon 2 - Heteroatoms 39

    Hydrogen Bonding 39

    Alcohols 40

    Phenols 43

    Ethers 44

    Aldehydes 45

    Ketones 46

    Carboxylic Acids 47

    Esters 49

    Acid Anhydrides and Chlorides 50

    Acetals and Ketals 50

    Peroxy Compounds 52

    Nitrogen-Amines and Ammonium Salts 53

    Nitrogen-Imines, Schiff's Bases, and Enamines 54

    Nitrogen-Amides/Peptides 55

    Nitrogen-Nitriles 56

    Nitrogen-Nitro Compounds 57

    Sulfur 58

    Heterocyclic Compounds 60

    Review Question 66

    4 States of Matter 67

    Solids 67

    Liquids 71

    Gases 71

    Phase Changes 71

    TwöPhase Systems 73

    Solubility 74

    Surfactants 75

    Emulsions 79

    Micelles 81

    Detergency 81

    Bilayers 82

    Colloids 84

    Review Questions 84

    5 Separation and Purification 85

    Distillation 85

    Sublimation 93

    Crystallisation 93

    Solvent Extraction 94

    Recent Developments in Commercial Extraction of Natural Fragrance

    Ingredients 95

    Chromatography 96

    Paper Chromatography 98

    Thin Layer Chromatography 98

    Column Chromatography 99

    High Performance Liquid Chromatography 100

    Gas Chromatography 100

    Review Questions 105

    6 Analysis 107

    Physical Methods of Analysis 108

    Density 108

    Melting Point 108

    Boiling Point 108

    Refractive Index 109

    Optical Rotation 109

    Flashpoint 109

    Viscosity 109

    Colour 109

    Chemical Methods of Analysis 110

    Titration 110

    Acid Content 111

    Base Content 111

    Peroxide Content 111

    Ester Value 111

    Aldehyde/Ketone Content 112

    Phenol Content 112

    Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 112

    Water Content 112

    Atomic Absorption 113

    Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis 113

    Ultraviolet (UV) 114

    Infrared (IR) 118

    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 120

    Mass Spectrometry (MS) 124

    Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 127

    Eugenol as an Example of Spectroscopic Techniques 127

    Quality Control 131

    Review Questions 132

    7 Chemical Reactivity 133

    The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 133

    Free Energy 135

    Chemical Reactions 136

    The Principle of Microscopic Reversibility and Chemical Equilibrium 137

    Reaction Profiles 138

    Catalysts 140

    Types of Organic Reactions 140

    Review Questions 145

    8 Chemistry and Perfume 1: Acid/Base Reactions 147

    Acids and Bases 147

    Strong and Weak 149

    pH 150

    Electrophiles and Nucleophiles 152

    Esterification and Ester Hydrolysis 154

    The Aldol Reaction and Aldol Condensation 155

    Acetals and Ketals 158

    Schiff's Bases and Enamines 160

    Nitriles 161

    Alcohol Dehydration 162

    Acid¿Catalysed Addition to Olefins 163

    The Michael Reaction 164

    The Grignard Reaction 165

    The Friedel-Crafts Reaction 167

    Electrophilic Substitutions in Aromatic Molecules 168

    Review Questions 170

    9 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 171

    Review Questions 185

    10 Perfume Structure 187

    Notes, Chords, and Discords 187

    Ingredients 187

    Odour Families and Top, Middle, and Base Notes 188

    Persistence/Tenacity 191

    Threshold 192

    Impact 192

    Radiance/Bloom 193

    Physical and Chemical Factors 194

    Review Questions 196

    11 Chemistry in Consumer Goods 197

    Introduction 197

    Acids in Consumer Goods 198

    Bases in Consumer Goods 199

    Nucleophiles in Consumer Goods 200

    Oxidants in Consumer Goods 201

    Reductants in Consumer Goods 202

    Surfactants in Consumer Goods 204

    Chelating Agents in Consumer Goods 205

    Photoactive Agents in Consumer Goods 206

    Antibacterial Agents in Consumer Goods 207

    Other Reactive Ingredients in Consumer Goods 208

    Types of Consumer Goods 209

    Fine Fragrance 209

    Cosmetics and Toiletries 210

    Personal Wash 210

    Laundry 211

    Household 212

    Review Questions 214

    12 The Chemistry of Living Organisms 215

    Molecular Recognition 215

    Classes of Natural Chemicals 218

    Carbohydrates 218

    Nucleic Acids 221

    Lipids 223

    Proteins 225

    Toxicity and Product Safety 230

    Review Questions 239

    13 The Mechanism of Olfaction 243

    The Role of Olfaction in Biology 243

    The Organs Used in Olfaction 244

    The Process of Olfaction 246

    Transport to the Receptors 246

    The Receptor Event 247

    The Combinatorial Nature of Olfaction 249

    The Perception of Odour 252

    Review Questions 256

    14 Natural Fragrance Ingredients 257

    Why Does Nature Produce Odorous Chemicals? 257

    Basic Principles of Biosynthesis: Enzymes and Cofactors 258

    General Pattern of Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites 261

    Polyketide Biosynthesis 262

    Lipid Biosynthesis 263

    The Shikimic Acid Pathway 265

    Terpenoids 267

    Degradation Products 277

    Malodours 279

    Review Questions 281

    15 Synthetic Fragrance Ingredients 283

    Why the Industry Uses Synthetic Fragrance Ingredients? 283

    The Economics of Fragrance Ingredient Manufacture 284

    Production of Fragrance Ingredients from Polyketides and Shikimates 288

    Terpenoid Production 290

    Production of Fragrance Ingredients from Petrochemicals 302

    What Is Required of a Fragrance Ingredient? 320

    How Novel Fragrance Ingredients Are Designed? 322

    Review Questions 326

    16 Chemical Information 329

    How New Chemical Information Is Generated and Published? 329

    Patents 329

    Reviews and Books 331

    Abstracts 331

    How to Find Chemical Information? 333

    17 Towards a Sustainable Future 335

    What Is Sustainability? 335

    Commercial Feasibility 337

    Safety in Use 337

    Natural Fragrance Ingredients 340

    Synthetic Fragrance Ingredients 341

    Synthetic Fragrance Ingredients A: Use of By¿Products 341

    Synthetic Fragrance Ingredients B: Environmental Impact 342

    Synthetic Fragrance Ingredients C: Biotechnology 344

    Synthetic Fragrance Ingredients D: Finding the Balance 345

    The Symrise Route 347

    The Takasago Route 347

    The BASF Route 348

    Menthol Sustainability 349

    Pröfragrances 351

    Social and Health Factors 353

    Understanding Olfaction 353

    Malodour Management 354

    Health and Well¿Being 355

    Information 356

    Conclusion 356

    Answers to Review Questions 357

    Glossary 371

    Bibliography 379

    Index 381