About the Editors xi
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
1 Enabling the Verticals of 5G: Network Architecture, Design and Service Optimization 1
Andy Sutton
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Use Cases 3
1.3 5G Network Architecture 4
1.4 RAN Functional Decomposition 7
1.5 Designing a 5G Network 9
1.6 Network Latency 11
1.7 5G Network Architecture Design 13
1.8 Summary 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 21
2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks and 5G Connected Industries 23
Mohsin Raza, Sajjad Hussain, Nauman Aslam, Hoa Le-Minh and Huan X. Nguyen
2.1 Overview 23
2.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 24
2.2.1 Wired and Wireless Networks in Industrial Environment 24
2.2.2 Transformation of WSNs for Industrial Applications 24
2.2.3 IWSN Architecture 25
2.3 Industrial Traffic Types and its Critical Nature 28
2.3.1 Safety/Emergency Traffic 28
2.3.2 Critical Control Traffic 28
2.3.3 Low-Risk Control Traffic 28
2.3.4 Periodic Monitoring Traffic 28
2.3.5 Critical Nature and Time Deadlines 29
2.4 Existing Works and Standards 30
2.4.1 Wireless Technologies 30
2.4.2 Industry-Related IEEE Standards 31
2.4.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 31
2.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4e 32
2.5 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) in IWSNS 33
2.6 Summary 37
References 37
3 Haptic Networking Supporting Vertical Industries 41
Luis Sequeira, Konstantinos Antona koglou, Maliheh Mahlouji and Toktam Mahmoodi
3.1 Tactile Internet Use Cases and Requirements 41
3.1.1 Quality of Service 42
3.1.2 Use Cases and Requirements 43
3.2 Teleoperation Systems 45
3.2.1 Classification of Teleoperation Systems 45
3.2.2 Haptic Control and Data Reduction 46
3.2.2.1 Performance of Teleoperation Control Schemes 48
3.2.2.2 Haptic Data Reduction 59
3.2.2.3 Kinesthetic Data Reduction 59
3.2.2.4 Tactile Data Reduction 62
3.2.3 Combining Control Schemes and Data Reduction 63
Acknowledgment 64
References 64
4 5G-Enhanced Smart Grid Services 75
Muhammad Ismail, Islam Safak Bayram, Khalid Qaraqe and Erchin Serpedin
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Smart Grid Services and Communication Requirements 78
4.2.1 Smart Grid Fundamentals 78
4.2.1.1 Data Collection and Management Services 78
4.2.1.2 Control and Operation Services 81
4.2.2 Communication Requirements for Smart Grid Services 87
4.3 Smart Grid Services Supported by 5G Networks 90
4.3.1 Data Collection and Management Services 90
4.3.1.1 Data Collection Services 91
4.3.1.2 Data Management Services 95
4.3.2 Operation Decision-Making Services 96
4.3.2.1 Demand Side Management Services 96
4.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Services 98
4.4 Summary and Future Research 99
Acknowledgment 100
References 100
5 Evolution of Vehicular Communications within the Context of 5G Systems 103
Kostas Katsaros and Mehrdad Dianati
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Vehicular Connectivity 104
5.2.1 Cellular V2X 105
5.2.1.1 Release 14 - First C-V2X Services 105
5.2.1.2 Release 15 - First Taste of 5G 108
5.2.1.3 Release 16 - Fully-Fledged 5G 108
5.2.2 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) 110
5.2.2.1 Co-Existence 110
5.2.3 Advanced Technologies 111
5.2.3.1 Multi-Access Edge Computing 111
5.2.3.2 Network Slicing 113
5.3 Data Dissemination 114
5.3.1 Context-Aware Middleware 114
5.3.2 Heterogeneity and Interoperability 116
5.3.3 Higher Layer Communication Protocols 118
5.4 Towards Connected Autonomous Driving 121
5.4.1 Phase 1 - Awareness Driving Applications 122
5.4.2 Phase 2 - Collective Perception 122
5.4.3 Phase 3/4 - Trajectory/Manoeuvre Sharing 123
5.4.4 Phase 5 - Full Autonomy 123
5.5 Conclusions 123
References 124
6 State-of-the-Art of Sparse Code Multiple Access for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Application 127
Yi Lu, Chong Han, Carsten Maple, Mehrdad Dianati and Alex Mouzakitis
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Sparse Code Multiple Access 130
6.3 State-of-the-Art 134
6.3.1 Codebook Design 134
6.3.2 Decoding/Detecting Techniques for SCMA 137
6.3.3 Other Research on Performance Evaluation of SCMA 138
6.4 Conclusion and Future Work 140
References 145
7 5G Communication Systems and Connected Healthcare 149
David Soldani and Matteo Innocenti
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Use Cases and Technical Requirements 151
7.2.1 Wireless Tele Surgery 151
7.2.2 Wireless Service Robots 151
7.3 5G communication System 154
7.3.1 3GPP Technology Roadmap 154
7.3.2 5G Spectrum 155
7.3.3 5G Reference Architecture 155
7.3.4 5G Security Aspects 161
7.3.5 5G Enabling Technologies 161
7.3.5.1 5G design for Low-Latency Transmission 162
7.3.5.2 5G design for Higher-Reliability Transmission 166
7.3.6 5G Deployment Scenarios 168
7.4 Value Chain, Business Model and Business Case Calculation 170
7.4.1 Market Uptake for Robotic Platforms 171
7.4.2 Business Model and Value Chain 171
7.4.3 Business case for Service Providers 171
7.4.3.1 Assumptions 172
7.4.3.2 Business Cases Calculation 172
7.5 Conclusions 174
References 175
8 5G: Disruption in Media and Entertainment 179
Stamos Katsigiannis, Wasim Ahmad and Naeem Ramzan
8.1 Multi-Channel Wireless Audio Systems for Live Production 179
8.2 Video 181
8.2.1 Video Compression Algorithms 181
8.2.1.1 HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding 181
8.2.1.2 VP9 182
8.2.1.3 AV1: AO Media Video 1 183
8.2.2 Streaming Protocols 183
8.2.2.1 Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) 183
8.2.2.2 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) 184
8.2.3 Video Streaming Over Mobile Networks 184
8.3 Immersive Media 185
8.3.1 Virtual Reality (VR) 186
8.3.2 Augmented Reality (AR) 186
8.3.3 360-Degree Video 187
8.3.4 Immersive Media Streaming 188
References 189
9 Towards Realistic Modelling of Drone-based Cellular Network Coverage 191
Haneya Naeem Qureshi and Ali Imran
9.1 Overview of Existing Models for Drone-Based Cellular Network Coverage 192
9.2 Key Objectives and Organization of this Chapter 193
9.3 Motivation 194
9.4 System Model 194
9.5 UAV Coverage Model Development 196
9.5.1 Coverage Probability 196
9.5.2 Received Signal Strength 198
9.6 Trade-Offs between Coverage Radius, Beamwidth and Height 199
9.6.1 Coverage Radius Versus Beamwidth 199
9.6.2 Coverage Radius Versus Height 200
9.6.3 Height Versus Beamwidth 201
9.7 Impact of Altitude, Beamwidth and Radius on RSS 201
9.8 Analysis for Different Frequencies and Environments 203
9.9 Comparison of Altitude and Beamwidth to Control Coverage 204
9.10 Coverage Probability with Varying Tilt Angles and Asymmetric Beamwidths 206
9.11 Coverage Analysis with Multiple UAVs 207
9.12 Conclusion 211
Acknowledgment 211
References 211
Appendix A 213
10 Intelligent Positioning of UAVs for Future Cellular Networks 217
João Pedro Battistella Nadas, Paulo Valente Klaine, Rafaela de Paula Parisotto and Richard D. Souza
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Applications of UAVs in Cellular Networks 218
10.2.1 Coverage in Rural Areas 218
10.2.2 Communication for Internet of Things 218
10.2.3 Flying Fronthaul /Backhaul 219
10.2.4 Aerial Edge Caching 219
10.2.5 Pop-Up Networks 219
10.2.6 Emergency Communication Networks 220
10.3 Strategies for Positioning UAVs in Cellular Network 221
10.4 Reinforcement Learning 222
10.4.1 Q-Learning 222
10.5 Simulations 223
10.5.1 Urban Model 223
10.5.2 The UAVs 224
10.5.3 Path loss 225
10.5.4 Simulation Scenario 225
10.5.5 Proposed RL Implementation 226
10.5.5.1 Simulation Results 228
10.6 Conclusion 229
References 230
11 Integrating Public Safety Networks to 5G: Applications and Standards 233
Usman Raza, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Imran Shafique Ansari and Fabrizio Granelli
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Public Safety Scenarios 235
11.2.1 In-Coverage Scenario 235
11.2.2 Out-of-Coverage Scenario 236
11.2.3 Partial-Coverage Scenario 236
11.3 Standardization Efforts 236
11.3.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project 237
11.3.1.1 Release 8 237
11.3.1.2 Release 9 237
11.3.1.3 Release 10 238
11.3.1.4 Release 11 238
11.3.1.5 Release 12 238
11.3.1.6 Release 13 240
11.3.1.7 Release 14 241
11.3.1.8 Release 15 241
11.3.2 Open Mobile Alliance 242
11.3.2.1 PTT over Cellular 242
11.3.2.2 Push to Communicate for Public Safety (PCPS) 242
11.3.3 Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions 242
11.3.3.1 Energy and Utility Sector 243
11.3.3.2 Building Alarm Systems 243
11.3.3.3 PS Communications with Emergency Centers 243
11.3.3.4 Smart City Solutions 243
11.3.4 APCO Global Alliance 244
11.3.5 Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) 244
11.4 Future Challenges and Enabling Technologies 245
11.4.1 Future challenges 246
11.4.1.1 Connectivity 246
11.4.1.2 Interoperability 246
11.4.1.3 Resource Scarceness 247
11.4.1.4 Security 247
11.4.1.5 Big Data 247
11.4.2 Enabling Technologies 248
11.4.2.1 Software-Defined Networking 248
11.4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Networks 248
11.4.2.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 248
11.5 Conclusion 248
References 249
12 Future Perspectives 253
Muhammad Ali Imran, Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo and Qammer H. Abbasi
12.1 Enabling Rural Connectivity 253
12.2 Key Technologies for the Design of beyond 5G Networks 254
12.2.1 Blockchain 254
12.2.2 Terahertz Communication 255
12.2.3 LiFi 255
12.2.4 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 256
Index 257
