Preface xvii
List of Contributors xxv
1 Systems Engineering, Data Analytics, and Systems Thinking 1
Ron S. Kenett, Robert S. Swarz, and Avigdor Zonnenshain
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 4
1.3 Integrating Reliability Engineering with Systems Engineering 6
1.4 Software Cybernetics 7
1.5 Using Modeling and Simulations 8
1.6 Risk Management 11
1.7 An Integrated Approach to Safety and Security Based on Systems Theory 13
1.8 Applied Systems Thinking 15
1.9 Summary 17
References 18
2 Applied Systems Thinking 21
Robert Edson
2.1 Systems Thinking: An Overview 22
2.2 The System in Systems Thinking 24
2.3 Applied Systems Thinking 25
2.4 Applied Systems Thinking Approach 26
2.5 Problem Definition: Entry Point to Applied Systems Thinking 27
2.6 The System Attribute Framework: The Conceptagon 29
2.7 Soft Systems Methodology 36
2.8 Systemigram 37
2.9 Causal Loop Diagrams 39
2.10 Intervention Points 40
2.11 Approach, Tools, and Methods - Final Thoughts 41
2.12 Summary 41
References 42
3 The Importance of Context in Advanced Systems Engineering 45
Adam D. Williams
3.1 Introduction to Context for Advanced Systems Engineering 45
3.2 Traditional View(s) of Context in Systems Engineering 47
3.3 Challenges to Traditional View(s) of Context in the Fourth Industrial Revolution 48
3.4 Nontraditional Approaches to Context in Advanced Systems Engineering 51
3.5 Context of Use in Advanced Systems Engineering 60
3.6 An Example of the Context of Use: High Consequence Facility Security 63
3.7 Summary 70
References 72
4 Architectural Technical Debt in Embedded Systems 77
Antonio Martini and Jan Bosch
4.1 Technical Debt and Architectural Technical Debt 78
4.2 Methodology 80
4.3 Case Study Companies 81
4.4 Findings: Causes of ATD 82
4.5 Problem Definition: Entry Point to Applied Systems Thinking 85
4.6 Findings: Long-Term Implications of ATD Accumulation 91
4.7 Solutions for ATD Management 91
4.8 Solution: A Systematic Technical Debt Map 92
4.9 Solution: Using Automated Architectural Smells Tools for the Architectural Technical Debt Map 96
4.10 Solution: Can We Calculate if it is Convenient to Refactor Architectural Technical Debt? 97
4.11 Summary 100
References 101
5 Relay Race: The Shared Challenge of Systems and Software Engineering 105
Amir Tomer
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Software-Intensive Systems 107
5.3 Engineering of Software-Intensive Systems 109
5.4 Role Allocation and the Relay Race Principles 110
5.5 The Life Cycle of Software-Intensive Systems 110
5.6 Software-Intensive System Decomposition 114
5.7 Functional Analysis: Building a Shared Software-Intensive Architecture 120
5.8 Summary 127
References 131
5.A Appendix 132
6 Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering for the Chemical Industry 4.0 137
Marco S. Reis and Pedro M. Saraiva
6.1 The Past 50 Years of Process Systems Engineering 138
6.2 Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering 141
6.3 Challenges in Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering 149
6.4 Summary 152
References 154
7 Virtualization of the Human in the Digital Factory 161
Daniele Regazzoni and Caterina Rizzi
7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 The Problem 163
7.3 Enabling Technologies 165
7.4 Digital Human Models 168
7.5 Exemplary Applications 173
7.6 Summary 183
References 1 85
8 The Dark Side of Using Augmented Reality (AR) Training Systems in Industry 191
Nirit Gavish
8.1 The Variety of Options of AR Systems in Industry 191
8.2 Look Out! The Threats in Using AR Systems for Training Purposes 192
8.3 Threat #1: Physical Fidelity vs. Cognitive Fidelity 193
8.4 Threat #2: The Effect of Feedback 194
8.5 Threat #3: Enhanced Information Channels 195
8.6 Summary 196
References 197
9 Condition-Based Maintenance via a Targeted Bayesian Network Meta-Model 203
Aviv Gruber, Shai Yanovski, and Irad Ben-Gal
9.1 Introduction 203
9.2 Background to Condition-Based Maintenance and Bayesian Networks 206
9.3 The Targeted Bayesian Network Learning Framework 212
9.4 A Demonstration Case Study 213
9.5 Summary 221
References 224
10 Reliability-Based Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment: A Mining Engineering Case Study 227
H. Sebnem Duzgun
10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 Data Collection 229
10.3 Hazard Assessment 231
10.4 Summary 237
References 239
11 OPCloud: An OPM Integrated Conceptual-Executable Modeling Environment for Industry 4.0 243
Dov Dori, Hanan Kohen, Ahmad Jbara, Niva Wengrowicz, Rea Lavi, Natali Levi Soskin, Kfir Bernstein, and Uri Shani
11.1 Background and Motivation 244
11.2 What Does MBSE Need to be Agile and Ready for Industry 4.0? 248
11.3 OPCloud:The Industry 4.0-Ready OPM Modeling Framework 249
11.4 Main OPCloud Features 252
11.5 Software Architecture Data Structure 260
11.6 Development Methodology and Software Testing 262
11.7 Model Integrity 263
11.8 Model Complexity Metric and Comprehension 264
11.9 Educational Perspectives of OPCloud Through edX 266
11.10 Summary 267
References 268
12 Recent Advances Toward the Industrialization of Metal Additive Manufacturing 273
Federico Mazzucato, Oliver Avram, Anna Valente, and Emanuele Carpanzano
12.1 State of the Art 274
12.2 Metal Additive Manufacturing 279
12.3 Industrialization of Metal AM: Roadmap Setup at the ARM Laboratory 287
12.4 Future Work 314
12.5 Summary 315
References 316
13 Analytics as an Enabler of Advanced Manufacturing 321
Ron S. Kenett, Inbal Yahav, and Avigdor Zonnenshain
13.1 Introduction 322
13.2 A Literature Review 323
13.3 Analytic Tools in Advanced Manufacturing 326
13.4 Challenges of Big Data and Analytic Tools in Advanced Manufacturing 330
13.5 An Information Quality (InfoQ) Framework for Assessing Advanced Manufacturing 333
13.6 Summary 335
References 336
13.A Appendix 340
14 Hybrid Semiparametric Modeling: A Modular Process Systems Engineering Approach for the Integration of Available Knowledge Sources 345
Cristiana Rodrigues de Azevedo, Victor Grisales Díaz, Oscar Andrés Prado-Rubio, Mark J.Willis, Véronique Préat, Rui Oliveira, and Moritz von Stosch
14.1 Introduction 346
14.2 A Hybrid Semiparametric Modeling Framework 348
14.3 Applications 352
14.4 Summary 365
Acknowledgments 367
References 367
15 System Thinking Begins with Human Factors: Challenges for the 4th Industrial Revolution 375
Avi Harel
15.1 Introduction 376
15.2 Systems 378
15.3 Human Factors 380
15.4 Human Factor Challenges Typical of the 3rd Industrial Revolution 387
15.5 Summary 408
References 409
16 Building More Resilient Cybersecurity Solutions for Infrastructure Systems 415
Danie l Wagner
16.1 A Heightened State of Vulnerability 415
16.2 The Threat is Real 416
16.3 A Particularly Menacing Piece of Malware 421
16.4 Anatomy of An Attack 422
16.5 The Evolving Landscape 424
16.6 The Growing Threat Posed by Nuclear Facilities 425
16.7 Not Even Close to Ready 426
16.8 Focusing on Cyber Resiliency 428
16.9 Enter DARPA 430
16.10 The Frightening Prospect of "Smart" Cities 431
16.11 Lessons from Petya 434
16.12 Best Practices 436
16.13 A Process Rather than a Product 437
16.14 Building a Better Mousetrap 439
16.15 Summary 440
References 441
17 Closed-Loop Mission Assurance Based on Flexible Contracts: A Fourth Industrial Revolution Imperative 445
Azad M. Madni and Michael Sievers
17.1 Introduction 446
17.2 Current MA Approach 447
17.3 Flexible Contract Construct 449
17.4 Closed-Loop MA Approach 453
17.5 POMDP Concept of Operations for Exemplar Problem 454
17.6 An Illustrative Example 457
17.7 Summary 461
Acknowledgments 462
References 462
18 FlexTech: From Rigid to Flexible Human-Systems Integration 465
Guy A. Boy
18.1 Industry 4.0 and Human-Systems Integration 466
18.2 HSI Evolution: From Interface to Interaction to Organizational Integration 468
18.3 What Does the Term "System" Mean? 470
18.4 HSI as Function Allocation 472
18.5 The Tangibility Issue in Human-Centered Design 473
18.6 Automation as Function Transfer 475
18.7 From Rigid Automation to Flexible Autonomy 477
18.8 Concluding Remarks 478
18.9 Summary 479
References 480
19 Transdisciplinary Engineering Systems 483
Nel Wognum, John Mo, and Josip Stjepandi¿
19.1 Introduction 483
19.2 Transdisciplinary Engineering Projects 486
19.3 Introduction to Transdisciplinary Systems 493
19.4 Transdisciplinary System 495
19.5 Example 1: Online Hearing Aid Service and Service Development 498
19.6 Example 2: License Approach for 3D Printing 502
19.7 Summary 506
References 507
20 Entrepreneurship as a Multidisciplinary Project 511
Arnon Katz
20.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 511
20.2 Entrepreneurship as a Project 513
20.3 Approaching Change, Risk, and Uncertainty Systematically 516
20.4 The Need for a Systemic Transdisciplinary Concept - Conclusions of Case Studies and Experience 518
20.5 Assimilating System Concepts in Entrepreneurship Management 523
20.6 Overview of Entrepreneurship Elements 531
20.7 Summary 534
References 535
21 Developing and Validating an Industry Competence and Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing Scale 537
Eitan Adres, Ron S. Kenett, and Avigdor Zonnenshain
21.1 Introduction to Industry Competence and Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing 538
21.2 Maturity Levels Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution 538
21.3 The Dimensions of Industry Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing 540
21.4 Validating the Construct of the Scale 541
21.5 Analysis of Assessments from Companies in Northern Israel 544
21.6 Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses 547
21.7 Summary 548
Acknowledgments 551
References 551
21.A A Literature Review on Models for Maturity Assessment of Companies and Manufacturing Plants 553
21.A.1 General 553
21.A.2 CMMI - Capability Maturity Mode Integration 553
21.A.3 Models for Assessing Readiness Levels 554
21.A.4 Models for Assessing the Digital Maturity of Organizations 555
21.A.5 National Models and Standards for Assessing the Readiness of Industry 556
21.B The IMAM Questionnaire 557
22 Modeling the Evolution of Technologies 563
Yair Shai
22.1 Introduction to Reliability of Technologies 564
22.2 Definitions of Technology 566
22.3 The Birth of New Technologies 567
22.4 Adoption and Dispersion of Technologies 574
22.5 Aging and Obsolescence of Technologies 580
22.6 Reliability of Technologies: A New Field of Research 582
22.7 Quantitative Holistic Models 585
22.8 Summary 595
References 598
Acronyms 603
Biographical Sketches of Editors 609
Index 611
