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Produktbild: The Plant Stem

The Plant Stem A Microscopic Aspect

49,99 €

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

09.07.2018

Verlag

Springer

Seitenzahl

207

Maße (L/B/H)

28,5/21,5/1,5 cm

Gewicht

855 g

Auflage

1st ed. 2018

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-319-73523-8

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

09.07.2018

Verlag

Springer

Seitenzahl

207

Maße (L/B/H)

28,5/21,5/1,5 cm

Gewicht

855 g

Auflage

1st ed. 2018

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-319-73523-8

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE

Email: ProductSafety@springernature.com

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  • Produktbild: The Plant Stem
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction

    2 Preparation techniques - Making anatomical structures visible

    3 Morphology of the plant body

                    3.1 Growth forms and life forms

                    3.2 Parts of stems and definition of bark terms

    4 Cellular composition of the plant bodies

                    4.1 The individual cell

                    4.2 Meristematic initials - The source of new cells

                    4.3 The cuticula - Protection against dehydration

                    4.4 Epidermis - The skin of plants

                    4.5 Collenchyma - Local peripheral stability

                    4.6 Parenchyma cells - Storage and repair

                    4.7 Fibers and tracheids - Stabilization and water conduction

                    4.8 Sclereids in the bark - Aberrant cell wall                 thickening

                    4.9 Vessels - Water conductance

                    4.10 Cork cells - Defense against organisms, heat and cold

                    4.11 Sieve cells, sieve tubes and companion cells - Conduction of assimilates

                    4.12 Secretory cells - Defense

                    4.13 Intercellulars and aerenchyma - Air circulation within the plant

    5 Structure of cell walls and cell contents

                    5.1 Principal cell wall construction - Form and stability

                    5.2 Pits - Lateral contact between cells

                    5.3 Perforation plates - Axial contact between vessels

                    5.4 Helical (spiral) thickenings - Special wall thickenings

                    5.5 Tyloses - Permanent interruption of water flow

                    5.6 Cell contents - Everything inside the cell wall

                                    5.6.1 Nuclei in Protoplasts - Metabolic centers of the plant cells

                                    5.6.2 Plastids - Green, yellow and white bodies

                                    5.6.3 Starch grains - Stored energy

                       5.6.4 Crystals in vacuoles - Regulators and metabolic waste

                                    5.6.5 Stained substances within the stem - Defense

    6  Primary, secondary and tertiary meristem

                6.1 Primary meristems in apical zones - Initials of longitudinal and radial growth

                                    6.1.1 Macroscopic aspect of primary meristems in apical shoots and roots - Grow higher, grow deeper

                                    6.1.2 Apical shoot dynamics - Long and short shoots - Grow fast, grow slow

                                    6.1.3 Shoot death and metamorphosis - The end of longitudinal growth: Twigs must die

                                    6.1.4 Microscopic aspect of apical meristems of shoots and roots - Towards heaven and earth

                                    6.1.5 From the primary apical meristem to the secondary lateral meristems in shoots - From longitudinal to radial growth 

                                    6.1.6 From the primary apical meristem to the secondary lateral meristems in roots - From longitudinal to radial growth

                                    6.1.7 From the primary apical meristem in shoots to roots in plants without cambium (monocotyledons)

                                    6.1.8 From the primary apical meristem of vascular spore plants in shoots to roots

                                    6.1.9 Pericycle and endodermis - Central cylinder and cortex are separated

                                    6.2 Secondary and tertiary meristems and radial growth - Cambium and cork cambium

                                    6.2.1 Macroscopic aspect of radial growth and xylem coloration - Stems get thicker

                                    6.2.2 Microscopic aspect of radial growth (conifers, dicotyledonous plants and palm ferns) - An overview

                                    6.2.3 The production and enlargement of new cells in the xylem of a thickening stem - The need of more and larger cells

                                    6.2.4 Cell formation and differentiation in the xylem - The multifunctional stem center

                                    6.2.5 Timing of xylem formation

                                    6.2.6 Cell differentiation in the phloem - The multifunctional stem periphery

                                    6.2.7 Formation of tertiary meristems, the cork cambium – A new skin

                                    6.2.8 Life time and death of cells - Cells must die

                    6.3 Cambial variants - Phloem elements within the xylem

             6.4 Intercalary meristems - Longitudinal growth far behind the tips of shoots and roots

     

    7 Stem anatomical structures of major taxonomic units

             7.1 Stem-forming fungi and algae

                                    7.1.1 Sporophytes of fungi

                                    7.1.2 Thallus and stems of brown algae

                    7.2 Mosses - The oldest living plants

                    7.3 Fern-like plants 

                                    7.3.1 Spikemosses, quillworts and clubmosses

                                    7.3.2 Whisk fern and moonwort

                                    7.3.3 Horsetails

                                    7.3.4 Ferns

             7.4 Seed plants

                                    7.4.1 Palm ferns

                                    7.4.2 Ginkgo

                                    7.4.3 Conifers

                                    7.4.4 Gnetales

                                                      Ephedraceae

                                                      Welwitschiaceae

                                                      Gnetaceae

                                                      Gnetales: Conifers or Angiosperms?

                                    7.4.5 Angiosperms - Monocotyledons and their growth forms

                                                      Palms (Arecaceae)

                                                      Bamboo (Poaceae)

                                                      Grass-like terrestrial herbs (Cyperaceae)

                                                      Terrestrial grasses (Poaceae)

                                                      Orchids (Orchidaceae)

                                                      Lianas

                                                      Hydrophytes

                                                      Trees and shrubs with secondary growth (Dracaena, Aloe)

                                    7.4.5 Angiosperms - Dicotyledons and their growth forms

                                                      Annual herbs (therophytes)

                                                      Perennial herbs (hemicryptophytes and geophytes)

                                                      Dwarf shrubs (chamaephytes and nanophanerophyte)

                                                      Shrubs (nanophanerophytes)

                                                      Trees (phanerophytes)                                                   Lianas

                                                      Succulents

                                                      Parasites

                                                      Hydrophytes and helophytes

    8 Evolution of stems

                    8.1 Paleobotanic evidences of stems

                                                      Early plant evolution

                                                      The move to the land

                                                      The earliest small land plants

                                                      The earliest trees

                                                      The Carboniferous clubmoss and horsetail forests (Lycophyta and the Sphenophytes)

                                                      The first gymnosperms (Cordaitales)

                                                      The development of Angiosperms

             8.2 Evolution and homoplasy of wood anatomical traits

                                  Homoplasy and evolution

             8.3 Parallel evolution of macroscopic and microscopic traits

                                    8.3.1 Mesic European fir forest (Adenostylo-Abietetum)

                       8.3.2 Heathlands along European North Atlantic coast

                       8.3.3 Alpine meadows (Caricetum curvulae)

     

    9 Anatomical adaptions to permanent changed environmental conditions

             9.1 Anatomical and morphological plasticity of species

             9.2 Anatomical and morphological adaption to different climates

                                    9.2.1 Trees in the tropics, the temperate and boreal zone

                                                Tropical rain forest

                                                Temperate forest

                                                Boreal forest

                             9.2.2 Shrubs in the tropics, the Mediterranean and arctic zone

                                                Subtropical African dry climate, Sahara

                                                European thermo-Mediterranean zone

                                                Arctic zone

    10 Anatomical adaptions to temporarily changed environmental conditions

                    10.1 Anatomical effect of short-term environmental changes during the vegetation period

                                    10.1.1 Individual small and large annual rings and missing rings

                                    10.1.2 Discontinuous growth - Wedging rings

                                    10.1.3 Individual small and large latewood zones and latewood zones with thin- or thick-walled tracheids

                                    10.1.4 Individual, not fully lignified latewood zones ("blue rings")

                                    10.1.5 False rings and density variations

                                    10.1.6 Tissue and fiber cracks

                                   10.2 Effect of multi-annual environmental changes

                                    10.2.1 Abrupt growth changes

                                    10.2.2 Structural changes

                    10.3 Eccentricity and irregular stem forms

                    10.4 Reaction wood - Reaction to mechanical stress

                                    10.4.1 Compression wood in conifers

                                    10.4.2 Tension wood in angiosperms

                    10.5 Cell collapse and lateral ray compression

                    10.6 Cambial wounding - Callus formation, overgrowing of wounds

                    10.7 Prevention of wounds

                    10.8 Resin and gum ducts          

    11 Coexistence of algae, fungi and vascular plants

                    11.1 Mycorrhiza -                 11.2 Lichens - Coexistence of algae and fungi

    12 Wood decay

                    12.1 Abiotic decomposition

                    12.2 Anaerobic decay - Absence of oxygen

                    12.3 Aerobic decay - Wood-decaying fungi

                    12.4 Compartimentalization - The natural limit to fungal growth

                    12.5 Decay by xylobiontic insects          

    13 Fossilization, permineralization, coalification, carbonization and wetwood conservation

                    13.1 Fossilization

                    13.2 Permineralization of archeological artefacts

                    13.3 Coalification

                    13.4 Carbonization