1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1
Opubo Gbanaye Benebo
1.1 Biofuel Production Background 1
1.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 8
1.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 18
1.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26
Acknowledgment 32
About the Author 33
References 34
2 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35
Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Algal Biomass Production 38
2.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 44
2.4 Algal Biofuels - Feedstock of the Future 48
2.5 Biofuel Pathways 51
2.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 53
2.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 57
2.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 58
2.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 61
2.10 Conclusion 63
References 64
3 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73
Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 75
3.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 76
3.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5
Sugars along with C6 Sugars 77
3.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 77
3.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 80
3.7 Conclusion 82
References 83
4 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89
Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Fast Pyrolysis 92
4.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 111
4.4 Gasification 126
4.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 140
4.6 Summary 147
References 148
5 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167
Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.
5.1 Introduction 168
5.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 169
5.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 176
5.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 177
5.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 180
5.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 183
5.7 Distillation 184
5.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 185
5.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 186
5.10 Conclusions 187
References 187
6 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197
Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy
6.1 Introduction 198
6.2 Biomass Energy 200
6.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 201
6.4 Pome Characterization 203
6.5 Pretreatment 203
6.6 Hydrolysis 206
6.7 Fermentation Process 209
6.8 Bioethanol 210
6.9 Conclusion 214
6.10 Acknowledgment 214
References 214
7 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219
Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar Garlapati
7.1 Introduction 219
7.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 220
7.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 223
7.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 225
7.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 227
7.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 227
7.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation 231
7.8 Future Prospects 232
7.9 Conclusions 233
References 233
8 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237
Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V. Chavan
8.1 Introduction 238
8.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 239
8.3 Routes of Butanol Production 241
8.4 Microbial ABE Production 243
8.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 247
8.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 248
8.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 250
8.8 Bioreactor Operations 253
8.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 255
8.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 266
8.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268
References 270
9 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Residues 285
Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M
9.1 Introduction 286
9.2 Agricultural Residues 287
9.3 ABE Fermentation 292
9.4 Challenges 305
9.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309
Acknowledgments 310
References 310
10 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering Approaches 319
Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu
10.1 Introduction 319
10.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 320
10.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 332
10.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 337
10.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 338
10.6 Conclusions 340
References 340
11 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351
Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi
11.1 Introduction 351
11.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 356
11.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 362
11.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 362
11.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with Recent Developments 363
11.6 Conclusion 367
References 368
12 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil 373
Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty
12.1 Introduction 374
12.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 375
12.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 376
12.4 Conclusion 381
References 382
Index 387
