1 Introduction and Background Information
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................
1.2 Common Prejudices Against Enzymes...............................................
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocatalysts..................................
1.3.1 Advantages of Biocatalysts........................................................
1.3.2 Disadvantages of Biocatalysts...................................................
1.3.3 Isolated Enzymes vs. Whole Cell Systems.........................
1.4 Enzyme Properties and Nomenclature...............................................
1.4.1 Structural Biology in a Nutshell..............................
1.4.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Enzyme Catalysis...........................
1.4.3 Classification and Nomenclature............................................
1.4.4 Coenzymes.......................................................................
1.4.5 Enzyme Sources..............................................................
References..... ...................................................................................
2 Biocatalytic Applications
2.1 Hydrolytic Reactions..........................................................................
2.1.1 Mechanistic and Kinetic Aspects.............................................
2.1.2 Hydrolysis of the Amide Bond................................................
2.1.3 Ester Hydrolysis.......................................................................
2.1.3.1 Esterases and Proteases.............................................
2.1.3.2 Lipases.......................................................................
2.1.3.3 Hydrolysis of Lactones.......................................................................
2.1.4 Hydrolysis and Formation of Phosphate Esters......................
2.1.5 Hydrolysis of Epoxides...........................................................
2.1.6 Hydrolysis of Nitriles..............................................................
2.2 Reduction Reactions..........................................................................
2.2.1 Recycling of Cofactors............................................................
2.2.2 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Isolated Enzymes.....................................................
2.2.3 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Whole Cells....
2.2.4 Reduction of C=N Bonds .......................
2.2.5 Reduction of C=C-Bonds .......................
2.3 Oxidation Reactions..........................................................................
2.3.1 Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes...................................
2.3.2 Oxidation of Amines ...................................
2.3.3 Oxygenation Reactions...........................................................
2.3.3.1 Hydroxylation of Alkanes........................................
2.3.3.2 Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds.................
2.3.3.3 Epoxidation of Alkenes............................................
2.3.3.4 Sulfoxidation Reactions............................................
2.3.3.5 Baeyer-Villiger Reactions.........................................
2.3.3.6 Formation of Hydroperoxides.............................................
2.3.3.7 Dihydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds and Conjugated C=C Bonds...............
2.3.4 Peroxidation Reactions............................................................
2.4 Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds.................................................
2.4.1 Aldol Reactions.......................................................................
2.4.2 Thiamine-Dependent Acyloin and Benzoin Reactions.........
2.5 Addition and Elimination Reactions.................................................
2.5.1 Addition of Water........................................................
2.5.2 Addition of Ammonia..........................................................
2.5.3 Cyanohydrin Formation and Henry Reaction...........................................
2.5.4 Michael-Type Additions............................................
2.6 Transfer Reactions.............................................................
2.6.1 Glycosyl Transfer Reactions..............................................
2.6.1.1 Glycosyl Transferases........................................
2.6.1.2 Glycoside phosphorylases and Trans-glycosidases........................................
2.6.1.3 Glycosidases........................................
2.6.2 Amino Transfer Reactions...................................................
2.7 Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions...................................
2.7.1 Halogenation...........................................................................
2.7.2 Dehalogenation.......................................................................
References.......................................................................................
3 Special Techniques
3.1 Enzymes in Organic Solvents..........................................................
3.1.1 Ester Synthesis........................................................................
3.1.2 Lactone Synthesis...................................................................
3.1.3 Amide Synthesis.....................................................................
3.1.4 Peptide Synthesis....................................................................
3.1.5 Peracid Synthesis....................................................................
3.1.6 Redox Reactions.....................................................................
3.1.7 Medium Engineering...............................................................
3.2 Cascade Reactions...............................................................
3.3 Immobilization..................................................................................
3.4 Artificial and Modified Enzymes.....................................................
3.4.1 Artificial Enzyme Mimics.....................................................
3.4.2 Modified Enzymes..........................................................
3.4.2.1 Chemically Modified Enzymes................................
3.4.2.2 Genetically Modified Enzymes................................
3.4.3 Catalytic Antibodies................................................................
References........................................................................................
4 State of the Art and Outlook.................................................................
5 Appendix
5.1 Basic Rules for Handling Biocatalysts..............................................
5.2 Abbreviations....................................................................................
5.3 Suppliers of Enzymes.......................................................................
5.4 Commonly Used Enzyme Preparations...........................................
5.5 Major Culture Collections................................................................
5.6 Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi........................................................
