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Produktbild: Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations Adjusting to the Shale Revolution in a Green World

249,99 €

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

23.04.2019

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

576

Maße (L/B/H)

28,6/22,1/3,5 cm

Gewicht

1696 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-33609-9

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

23.04.2019

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Seitenzahl

576

Maße (L/B/H)

28,6/22,1/3,5 cm

Gewicht

1696 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-119-33609-9

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: gpsr@libri.de

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  • Produktbild: Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

  • List of Figures xvii

    List of Tables xxvii

    Foreword xxxi

    Acknowledgments xxxiii

    1 Introduction 1

    1.1 Energy and the Shale Revolution 1

    1.2 Cultural Influences 3

    1.3 Conventional Versus Unconventional Resources 4

    1.4 Well Simulation 5

    1.5 Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States 16

    1.6 Environmental Considerations 17

    1.7 Exercises 22

    References 22

    Suggested Reading 23

    2 Historical Development from Fracturing to Hydraulic Fracturing 25

    2.1 Introduction 25

    2.2 Explosives and Guns (1820s-1930s) 26

    2.3 The Birth of the Petroleum Engineer (1940s-1950s) 38

    2.4 Going Nuclear During Peak Oil (1960s to Mid¿1970s) 39

    2.5 The Rise of the Unconventionals (Mid¿1970s to Present) 45

    2.6 Exercises 49

    References 50

    Suggested Reading 51

    3 Geology of Unconventional Resources 53

    3.1 Introduction 53

    3.2 Oil Shale Nomenclature 54

    3.3 Oil Shale Classification 54

    3.4 Types of Shale Formations Based on Production 56

    3.5 Geology of United States Shale Deposits 60

    3.6 The Role of Natural Fractures 75

    3.7 Exercises 76

    References 77

    Suggested Reading 79

    4 Overview of Drilling and Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation Techniques for Tight Oil and Gas Shale Formations 81

    4.1 Introduction 81

    4.2 Phase 1: Prospect Generation for Unconventional Oil and Gas Targets 85

    4.3 Phase 2: Planning Phase 92

    4.4 Phase 3: Drilling 94

    4.5 Brief Overview of Hydraulic Fracturing 109

    4.6 Operators and Contractors 111

    4.7 Phase 4: Completion 111

    4.8 Overview of Hydraulic Fracturing Process 115

    4.9 Single¿Stage Treatment 119

    4.10 Fluid Recovery and Waste Management 123

    4.11 Oil and Gas Production 123

    4.12 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) 126

    4.13 Workshop #1: Gas Well Economic Limit 128

    4.14 Workshop #2: Oil Well Economics 129

    4.15 Well Destruction 129

    4.16 Summary 131

    4.17 Exercises 131

    References 132

    Suggested Reading 134

    5 Overview of Impacts from Tight Oil and Shale Gas Resource Development 137

    5.1 Introduction 137

    5.2 Potential Impacts and Risks of Spills 137

    5.3 Significance of Impacts 137

    5.4 Overview of the Five Main Resource Categories 138

    5.5 Primary Wastes Generated 146

    5.6 Site¿specific Impact Analysis 146

    5.7 Summary of Resources and Issues 163

    5.8 Summary 174

    5.9 Exercises 176

    References 177

    Suggested Reading 179

    6 Surface and Groundwater Risks, Resource Quality Management, and Impacts 183

    6.1 Introduction 183

    6.2 The Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle 183

    6.3 Potential Impacts on Drinking Water Resources 188

    6.4 Public Water System (PWS) Sources 189

    6.5 Underground Injection Control 190

    6.6 Case Histories 196

    6.7 Exercises 198

    References 198

    Suggested Reading 199

    7 Induced Seismicity 203

    7.1 Introduction 203

    7.2 Measuring Earthquake Severity 204

    7.3 Anthropogenic¿Induced Earthquakes 208

    7.4 Mechanics of Anthropogenic¿Induced Earthquakes 210

    7.5 Induced Microseismicity and Microseismic Monitoring 212

    7.6 Exercises 212

    References 213

    Suggested Reading 213

    8 Air Quality Resources and Mitigation Measures 215

    8.1 Introduction 215

    8.2 Unconventional Resource Extraction and Air Quality 215

    8.3 Sources of Air Emissions 215

    8.4 Worker Safety 220

    8.5 Gas Leaks and Vapor Sampling 230

    8.6 Biogenic and Thermogenic Hydrocarbon Gases 232

    8.7 Gas Leaks 233

    8.8 Soil Vapor Intrusion Overview 234

    8.9 General Approach to Evaluating Soil Vapor Intrusion 237

    8.10 Summary 248

    8.11 Exercises 249

    References 249

    Suggested Reading 253

    9 Land Use Resources and Socioeconomics 255

    9.1 Introduction 255

    9.2 Community Concerns and Land Use Planning 255

    9.3 Environmental Justice 259

    9.4 Land Disturbance 259

    9.5 Light Pollution 261

    9.6 Noise 263

    9.7 Odor 270

    9.8 Socioeconomics 271

    9.9 Transportation and Traffic 272

    9.10 Visual Aesthetics 277

    9.11 Worker Safety 278

    9.12 Cumulative Impacts 278

    9.13 Exercises 279

    References 279

    Suggested Reading 281

    10 Ecological Resources 283

    10.1 Introduction 283

    10.2 Ecosystem Resources 283

    10.3 Ecosystem Resources 283

    10.4 Interim Reclamation 286

    10.5 Summary 295

    10.6 Exercises 295

    References 296

    Suggested Reading 297

    11 Legislative Trends Associated with Well Stimulation and Hydraulic Fracturing 299

    11.1 Introduction 299

    11.2 Federal Laws and Regulations 300

    11.3 State Legislation and Regulations 304

    11.4 Bans and Moratoriums 311

    11.5 Exercises 313

    References 313

    Suggested Reading 314

    12 Sampling, Exposure Pathways, and Site Conceptual Models 315

    12.1 Introduction 315

    12.2 Hypothetical Scenario 317

    12.3 Overview of Sampling Procedures 322

    12.4 Soil and Water Sampling 327

    12.5 Field Screening and Analysis 329

    12.6 Other Considerations 332

    12.7 Fate and Transport 339

    12.8 Summary 342

    12.9 Exercises 342

    References 345

    Suggested Reading 347

    13 Financial Issues: Real Estate Values and Selected Contracting Costs of Repairs, Assessment, or Mitigation Activities for Unconventional Oil and Gas Production Areas 351

    13.1 Introduction 351

    13.2 Valuation of Real Estate 351

    13.3 Water Supplies 357

    13.4 Other Mitigating Costs 358

    13.5 Mitigation of Subsurface Impacts 362

    13.6 Remediation Strategies 365

    13.7 Budgeting for Costs 369

    13.8 Summary 372

    13.9 Exercises 373

    References 374

    Suggested Reading 375

    14 Legal Considerations and Case Law 377

    14.1 Introduction 377

    14.2 Environmental Tort Litigation 382

    14.3 Environmental/Citizen Action and Industry Challenges Litigation 383

    14.4 Infrastructure¿Related Litigation 384

    14.5 Traditional Oil and Gas Issues in Nontraditional Forums 384

    14.6 Fracking Bans and Moratoriums 384

    14.7 Summary 386

    14.8 Exercises 387

    Reference 387

    Suggested Reading 387

    15 Spills, Forensic Evaluation, and Case Studies 389

    15.1 Introduction 389

    15.2 Spill Studies 389

    15.3 Spill Settlement Case Study 392

    15.3.1 Rail Case Studies 393

    15.3.2 Bakken Crude Oil Characteristics: Two Studies 394

    15.3.3 Summary of Bakken Crude Oil Spill Incidents 394

    15.3.4 Fate and Transport of Spilled Crude 394

    15.3.5 Combustion 398

    15.3.6 DOT¿117 Tank Car Design 398

    15.4 Violations 399

    15.5 Forensic Analysis 399

    15.5.1 Gas Chromatograms 400

    15.5.2 Tentatively Identified Compounds (TICs) 401

    15.5.3 Piper Diagrams 401

    15.5.4 Biomarkers 403

    15.5.5 Chemical and Biological Transformations 404

    15.5.6 Chemical Ratios 406

    15.5.7 Geochemical Tracers 406

    15.5.8 Isotopes 407

    15.5.9 Forensic Isotope Analysis 408

    15.5.10 Boron and Strontium Isotope Ratios 409

    15.5.11 Radioactive Isotopes 410

    15.5.12 Case Studies 411

    15.6 Prospective and Retrospective Case Studies 413

    15.6.1 US EPA Retrospective Case Study 414

    15.6.2 US EPA Retrospective Study Approach and Sampling Activities 415

    15.6.3 Main Findings 420

    15.6.4 Summary of US EPA Retrospective Studies 438

    15.7 Exercises 439

    References 440

    Suggested Reading 446

    16 Conclusions 453

    Appendix A Selected University Studies, State, and Federal Reports 455

    Appendix B Glossary 461

    Appendix C List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 467

    Appendix D Conversions 473

    Appendix E Summary of Potential Job Hazards During Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation Process 477

    Appendix F Chemical Additives Used in the High¿Volume Hydraulic Fracturing Operations 481

    Appendix G Exposure Planning, Emergency Response, and Toxicity Tables 485

    Appendix H Selected Sampling Methods and Documentation 493

    Appendix I Environmental Checklists 503

    Appendix J Metric Conversion of Table 3.4 (Metric Units in Bold italics) 523

    Appendix K US Crude Oil Prices 1859-2016 525

    Index 527