Introduction xiii
Part 1 Virtualization 101: The Basics of Virtualization 1
Chapter 1 Primer on Virtualization 3
Server Proliferation, Massive Power Bills, and Other IT Nightmares 3
How Servers Work 6
How VMs Fix the Underutilized Server Problem 7
Enter the Hypervisor 8
Why Are Virtual Machines Such a Big Deal? 10
Chapter 2 Benefits of Virtual Machines 13
Reduced Cost 13
Less Space (Even More Cost Savings) 15
Availability and Flexibility 15
Faster Application Spin-Up and Provisioning 16
Easier Access for Development 17
Believe the Hype! 18
Chapter 3 Hypervisors (VMWare, KVM, and Others) 21
An Operating System for Operating Systems 21
A Virtual Machine Monitor 22
Types of Hypervisors 22
Hypervisor Vendors 24
KVM 24
Xen 25
VMware ESXi 26
Microsoft Hyper-V 26
Choosing a Hypervisor 27
Summary 27
Chapter 4 Managing Virtual Resources 29
What Is a Workload? 30
Managing Virtual Resources in the Hypervisor 31
Virtual Resource Providers and Consumers 33
So How Do You Manage Virtual Resources? 34
Part 2 Virtualization 201: Virtualizing the Data Center (a.k.a. Clouds) 37
Chapter 5 Virtualized Data Centers (Some Call Them Clouds) 39
Benefits of Virtualizing the Data Center 39
Less Heat Buildup 39
Reduced Hardware Spend 40
Faster Deployment 40
Testing and Development 40
Faster Redeploy 40
Easier Backups 40
Disaster Recovery 41
Server Standardization 41
Separation of Services 41
Easier Migration to the Cloud 41
Is It a Cloud Yet? 41
The Five Cloud Attributes 42
On-Demand Self-Service 43
Ubiquitous Network Access 43
Pay Per Use 43
Rapid Elasticity 43
Location-Independent Resource Pooling 44
Types of Clouds 44
Software as a Service 44
Infrastructure as a Service 45
Platform as a Service 47
Cloud Deployment Models 48
Private Clouds 48
Shared Multitenant Clouds 48
Public Clouds 48
Hybrid Clouds 48
Chapter 6 Virtual Machine Connectivity 53
Networking in Traditional Data Centers 53
Virtualized Data Center Design 55
Addressing with Virtual Machines 56
Chapter 7 Networking Gear in Virtualized Data Centers 61
The Evolution of Data Center Switching 61
Cloud and Data Center Layout and Architecture 63
Virtualized Aware Network Switches 65
Chapter 8 VMware, VSphere, VMotion, and VXLAN 67
VMware Product Design 67
vSphere 68
VMotion 69
VXLAN 70
VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints 71
Summary 72
Chapter 9 Multitenancy and the Problems of Communal Living 73
SaaS Multitenancy 73
Pros and Cons of SaaS Multitenancy 75
IaaS Multitenancy 76
Pros and Cons of IaaS Multitenancy 77
Part 3 Network Functions Virtualized: Why Stop With Servers? 81
Chapter 10 How Do You Virtualize a Network? 83
Network Virtualization 83
How Does This Fit with NFV and SDN? 84
Server Virtualization 85
Network Virtualization 85
Network Functions Virtualization 85
Software-Defined Networking 85
Virtualizing the Network 86
Chapter 11 Virtualizing Appliances 89
Layer 4 Through 7 Network Services 89
Firewalls 90
VPNs 90
SSL Offload 90
Load Balancer 90
Fighting Virtualization with Virtualization 91
What’s the “So What”? 92
Chapter 12 Virtualizing Core Networking Functions 93
Virtualization Recap 93
Where Core Functions Are Being Virtualized 95
Chapter 13 What About Scalability and Performance? 99
Scalability Versus Performance 99
Performance in Network Virtualization 100
Scalability and Performance in Virtual Networks 100
Scalability and Performance for Virtual Appliances 101
Scalability and Performance of Virtualized Networks 102
Summary 102
Part 4 Modern Networking Approaches to Virtualization 105
Chapter 14 From Consumers to Creators 107
The Emergence of SaaS 108
Cloud Business Consumer-Creators 109
Chapter 15 OpenFlow 113
OpenFlow History 114
How OpenFlow Works 115
Chapter 16 VMware Nicira 119
VMware NSX 120
Network Virtualization with NSX 120
How VMware Leverages Nicira (NSX) 121
Chapter 17 Cisco Insieme 125
Cisco’s Hybrid SDN Solution 125
Cisco SDN and Insieme 126
Chapter 18 OpenStack 129
Applications on Modern Networks 129
Part 5 Software Defined Networks 135
Chapter 19 The Evolution of the Data Center Network 137
Networks Worked Great, Until They Didn’t 138
Traditional Data Center Design Goals 139
High Availability 139
Low Latency 139
Scalability 139
Security 139
The Cost Model Explodes 140
How We Got Here 141
Chapter 20 What’s Wrong with the Network We Have? 143
A Brief Review of Networking 144
Control Planes and Forwarding Planes 145
The Cost of Complexity 145
Decoupling Networking Applications from Networking Gear 147
Chapter 21 How SDN Works 149
Understanding SDN 149
The Application Layer 151
The Control Layer 152
The Infrastructure Layer 152
A Programmable Network 152
So What’s the “So What?” 153
Chapter 22 The Economic Impact of SDN, NFV, and the Cloud 157
Winners in SDN, NFV, and the Cloud 157
How the “Little Guy” Wins 157
How Large Enterprises Win with SDN, NFV, and the Cloud 160
Losers in the Cloud 163
The Economic Value of Increased Innovation 164
Part 6 SDN Controllers 167
Chapter 23 SDN Controllers 169
Centralized Control 169
Commercial Versus Open Source Controllers 170
Network Virtualization 171
viii SDN and NFV Simplified
Chapter 24 The OpenDaylight Project 175
How the ODL Architecture Works 177
The ODL Controller Platform 178
Chapter 25 The Fight to Control Your Network 181
Separation of Internal Controls 181
You Can See It, But Who Controls It? 184
Chapter 26 What’s the Business Case for SDN? 187
SDN Use Case Examples 188
Data Center Optimization 189
Network Access Control 189
Network Virtualization 189
Virtual Customer Edge 189
Dynamic Interconnects 189
Virtual Core and Aggregation 189
Summary 190
Part 7 Virtualized Networks 193
Chapter 27 Goodbye Truck Rolls 195
Data Center Scale 195
A New Maintenance Philosophy 198
Summary 199
Chapter 28 What If the Shoe Doesn’t Fit? 201
Where SDN Does Not Fit 202
When Should You Adopt SDN? 202
Stuck in the Middle 203
Chapter 29 Service Chaining 205
Service Chaining in SDN 206
Chapter 30 NFV: What Happens to All the Network Appliances? 209
How Network Appliances Are Different 209
Replacing Big Hardware Appliances with Many Small Virtual Appliances 210
When Not to Get Rid of an Appliance 211
Part 8 Security 213
Chapter 31 Where’s My Data, Exactly? 215
Storage Virtualization 215
Storage-Area Networks 216
Data Location and Security 217
So What Are the Nontechnical Issues That We Need to Address? 218
Summary 219
Chapter 32 Preventing Data Leakage 223
Minimizing Data Loss 224
Data Loss Prevention 225
Chapter 33 Logging and Auditing 229
Where Logging Matters 231
Summary 233
Chapter 34 Encryption in Virtual Networks 235
Data in Motion 235
Data at Rest 236
Key Management 238
Best Practices 238
Chapter 35 Everything Old Is Now New Again 241
How We Got Here 241
The Mainframe Model 241
The Personal Computer Model 241
The Networked Model 242
The Internet Model 242
Grid Computing Model 242
Cloud Computing Model 242
What We Have Learned 242
Retro Security Considerations 244
Recycled Ideas on Mobile and Web Apps 245
Part 9 Visibility 247
Chapter 36 Overlay Networks 249
MPLS: The Original Virtual Network 249
Virtual Layer 2 Designs 250
Enter SDN 252
Common Encapsulation Techniques 252
Chapter 37 Network Management Tools 255
What’s in the Tool Bag? 256
Tapping In 256
Gaining Visibility 257
Chapter 38 Quality of Experience 261
Deep Packet Inspection 263
Chapter 39 Monitoring Traffic Between Virtual Switches 265
Getting VM Visibility 265
Monitoring VM-to-VM traffic 266
How VxLANs Work 267
Creating a “Visibility Layer” 267
Part 10 The Big Picture 269
Chapter 40 Pulling It All Together 271
Why the Network Had to Change 271
How SDN and NFV Tie Together 273
SDN’s Downside: A Loss of Visibility 274
SDN Orchestration 274
Chapter 41 How SDN and NFV Will Affect You 277
Operational Domains 278
Mobility Virtualization 278
Virtual CPE and Service Chaining 278
NFV and Service Orchestration 278
WAN Optimization and Innovation 278
Network Optimization 278
Policy-Driven Application Provisioning and Delivery 279
SDN Use Cases 279
Network Access Control 279
Network Virtualization 279
Data Center Optimization 279
Direct Inter-Connects 279
Embracing SDN and NFV 279
Chapter 42 What’s Next in Networking? 283
Separate but Complementary 283
Virtual Customer Premise Equipment 284
SDN and NFV Working Together 285
Summary 286
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