ESSAY 1 Distance Functions In Consumer and Producer Theory.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Distance-Function Representations of Technologies or Preference Orderings.- 1.3 Distance Functions as Technical Efficiency Indexes.- 1.4 Duality and the Distance function.- 1.5 Distance Functions and Index Numbers.- 1.6 Concluding Remarks.- ESSAY 2 Input Price, Quantity, and Productivity Indexes For A Revenue-Contrained Firm.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Primal and Dual Direct Representations of the Technology.- 2.3 The Indirect Input Distance Function, Cost Function, and Efficiency Measures.- 2.4 The Indirect Input Price Index and Quantity Index.- 2.5 The Indirect Input Based Productivity Indexes.- 2.6 Conclusion.- ESSAY 3 Malmquist Productivity Indexes: A Survey of Theory and Practice.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Theory.- 3.3 Empirical Applications.- 3.4 Concluding Remarks.- ESSAY 4 Implementing The Malmquist Productivity Index: The Case of The National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Implementation of Malmquist Productivity Indexes.- 4.3 Performance Indicators, Incentives, and Malmquist Indexes.- 4.4 Concluding Remarks.- ESSAY 5 Malmquist Productivity Indexes: An Empirical Comparison.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The Malmquist Indexes.- 5.3 Data.- 5.4 Empirical Results.- 5.5 Quo Vadis, Malmquist?.- ESSAY 6 Input and Output Indicators.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Notation, Assumptions, and Definitions.- 6.3 Previous Work on Input and Output Indexes.- 6.4 Exponential Input and Output Indicators.- 6.5 Exact Measures of the Luenberger Exponential Input and Output Indicators.- 6.6 Transitivity of Input and Output Indicators.- 6.7 Conclusion.- Appendix Contributors.