1 Introduction.- 1.0 Motivation.- 1.1 Outline.- 2 Structure of the Direct and Cost and Revenue Restricted Technology.- 2.0 Introduction.- 2.1 The Parent Technology.- 2.2 The Cost Restricted Technology.- 2.3 The Parent and Indirect Technologies: A First Comparison.- 2.4 The Revenue Restricted Technology.- Appendix: Cost and Revenue Functions.- 2.P Problems.- Notes.- 3 Representations of Technology.- 3.0 Introduction.- 3.1 The Direct and Indirect Output Distance Functions.- 3.2 The Direct and Indirect Input Distance Functions.- 3.3 Piecewise Linear Models.- 3.P Problems.- Notes.- 4 Indirect Revenue Maximization, Indirect Cost Minimization and Profit Maximization.- 4.0 Introduction.- 4.1 Revenue Maximization.- 4.2 Cost Minimization.- 4.3 Profit Maximization.- Appendix: Cost and Revenue Dualities.- 4.P Problems.- Notes.- 5 Applications of Duality.- 5.0 Introduction.- 5.1 Dualities Between Direct and Indirect Production.- 5.2 Shadow Pricing Inputs and Outputs.- 5.3 Scale Elasticity and Returns to Scale.- 5.P Problems.- Notes.- 6 Efficiency Gauging.- 6.0 Introduction.- 6.1 Indirect Input and Output Technical Efficiency Measures.- 6.2 Decomposition of Indirect Efficiency.- 6.3 Calculating Efficiency: Nonparametric Approach.- 6.4 Calculating Efficiency: Parametric Approach.- 6.P Problems.- Notes.- 7 Productivity.- 7.0 Introduction.- 7.1 Malmquist Productivity Indexes.- 7.2 Piecewise Linear Calculation of Productivity.- 7.3 Parametric Calculation of Productivity.- 7.4 The Fisher Ideal Index Approach to Productivity Measurement.- 7.5 The Törnqvist Index Approach to Productivity Measurement.- Appendix: The Translog Identity.- 7.P Problems.- Notes.- Appendix A: Standard Notations and Mathematical Appendix.- References.