List of Contents.- Evolution of the TIR, Tolls and TLRs: Functional Inferences from Computational Biology.- Plant Disease Resistance: Commonality and Novelty in Multicellular Innate Immunity.- Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by the IL-1 Receptor/Toll-Like Receptor Superfamily.- Toll Receptors in Drosophila: a Family of Molecules Regulating Development and Immunity.- Toll-Like Receptors and Their Ligands.- Toll-Like Receptor-5 and the Innate Immune Response to Bacterial Flagellin.- TLR4 as the Mammalian Endotoxin Sensor.- TLR2: Cellular Sensor for Microbial and Endogenous Molecular Patterns.- Bacterial CpG-DNA Licenses TLR9.- MyD88 as a Bottle Neck in Toll/IL-1 Signaling.- Heat Shock Proteins as Ligands of Toll-Like Receptors.- Subject Index 185.