Preface xiii
 
PART I BASIC CONCEPTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1
 
1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS 3
 
1.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 6
 
1.2 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 9
 
1.2.1 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) 11
 
1.2.2 Communication Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) 12
 
1.2.3 C2C Network 13
 
1.3 Sensor Networks 14
 
1.3.1 IEEE 1451 17
 
1.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 17
 
1.3.3 ZigBee 18
 
1.3.4 6LoWPAN 19
 
1.3.5 Bluetooth 19
 
1.3.6 Wireless Industrial Automation System 20
 
1.4 Conclusion 20
 
References 21
 
2 INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 27
 
2.1 Optimization Basics 28
 
2.2 Evolutionary Algorithms 29
 
2.3 Basic Components of Evolutionary Algorithms 32
 
2.3.1 Representation 32
 
2.3.2 Fitness Function 32
 
2.3.3 Selection 32
 
2.3.4 Crossover 33
 
2.3.5 Mutation 34
 
2.3.6 Replacement 35
 
2.3.7 Elitism 35
 
2.3.8 Stopping Criteria 35
 
2.4 Panmictic Evolutionary Algorithms 36
 
2.4.1 Generational EA 36
 
2.4.2 Steady-State EA 36
 
2.5 Evolutionary Algorithms with Structured Populations 36
 
2.5.1 Cellular EAs 37
 
2.5.2 Cooperative Coevolutionary EAs 38
 
2.6 Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms 39
 
2.6.1 Basic Concepts in Multi-Objective Optimization 40
 
2.6.2 Hierarchical Multi-Objective Problem Optimization 42
 
2.6.3 Simultaneous Multi-Objective Problem Optimization 43
 
2.7 Conclusion 44
 
References 45
 
3 SURVEY ON OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS 49
 
3.1 Taxonomy of the Optimization Process 51
 
3.1.1 Online and Offline Techniques 51
 
3.1.2 Using Global or Local Knowledge 52
 
3.1.3 Centralized and Decentralized Systems 52
 
3.2 State of the Art 53
 
3.2.1 Topology Management 53
 
3.2.2 Broadcasting Algorithms 58
 
3.2.3 Routing Protocols 59
 
3.2.4 Clustering Approaches 63
 
3.2.5 Protocol Optimization 64
 
3.2.6 Modeling the Mobility of Nodes 65
 
3.2.7 Selfish Behaviors 66
 
3.2.8 Security Issues 67
 
3.2.9 Other Applications 67
 
3.3 Conclusion 68
 
References 69
 
4 MOBILE NETWORKS SIMULATION 79
 
4.1 Signal Propagation Modeling 80
 
4.1.1 Physical Phenomena 81
 
4.1.2 Signal Propagation Models 85
 
4.2 State of the Art of Network Simulators 89
 
4.2.1 Simulators 89
 
4.2.2 Analysis 92
 
4.3 Mobility Simulation 93
 
4.3.1 Mobility Models 93
 
4.3.2 State of the Art of Mobility Simulators 96
 
4.4 Conclusion 98
 
References 98
 
PART II PROBLEMS OPTIMIZATION 105
 
5 PROPOSED OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK 107
 
5.1 Architecture 108
 
5.2 Optimization Algorithms 110
 
5.2.1 Single-Objective Algorithms 110
 
5.2.2 Multi-Objective Algorithms 115
 
5.3 Simulators 121
 
5.3.1 Network Simulator: ns-3 121
 
5.3.2 Mobility Simulator: SUMO 123
 
5.3.3 Graph-Based Simulations 126
 
5.4 Experimental Setup 127
 
5.5 Conclusion 131
 
References 131
 
6 BROADCASTING PROTOCOL 135
 
6.1 The Problem 136
 
6.1.1 DFCN Protocol 136
 
6.1.2 Optimization Problem Definition 138
 
6.2 Experiments 140
 
6.2.1 Algorithm Configurations 140
 
6.2.2 Comparison of the Performance of the Algorithms 141
 
6.3 Analysis of Results 142