Chapter One: An Overview of Reading Instruction for Struggling Readers
Reading Instruction–Past and Present Perspectives
Successful Intervention — A New Perspective
Principles of Effective Intervention Programs
Current Issues
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Two: Patterns of Reading Difficulty
General Patterns
Defining a Student’s Reading Level
Reading Level: An Indicator of Problem Severity
Reading Level: An Indicator of Word Identification Proficiency
Reading Level: An Indicator of Comprehension Proficiency
Designing the Intervention Focus
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Three: The Structure of Intervention Sessions
The Importance of Consistent Structure
Individual Intervention Structures K-5
Group Intervention Structures K-5
Intervention Structures 6-12
Classroom Intervention Structures That Foster the Growth of Struggling Readers
Designing Your Own Structure
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Four: Phonological Awareness
What Is Phonological Awareness and Why Is It Important?
The Importance of Rhyme
The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Rhyme Knowledge
Phonological Awareness Instruction
The Importance of Phonemic Awareness
Developing Phonemic Awareness Aurally
Application to Writing
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Five: Word Identification Instruction: Phonics and More
What Is Systematic Phonics Instruction?
The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Problems with Word Identification
Guidelines for Exemplary Phonics Instruction
Teaching Consonant Sounds Using Shared Reading
Procedures for Teaching Consonant Sounds Using Shared Reading
Teaching Vowel Sounds: Using Spelling Patterns to Read by Analogy
The Importance of Cross-Checking
How to Learn Words That Are Difficult to Decode
Putting It All Together: Guided Reading
Teacher Prompting during Oral Reading
Application to Spelling
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Six: Word Identification Instruction: Fluency
The Importance of Fluency
The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Lack of Fluency
General Principles for Developing Fluency
Instructional Activities for Developing Fluency
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Seven: Prior Knowledge and Concept Development
How Prior Knowledge Affects Comprehension
How to Assess Prior Knowledge
Building a Knowledge Base: Concept Development
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Eight: Vocabulary Learning
The Importance of Vocabulary Learning
The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Vocabulary Learning
General Principles for Developing Vocabulary Learning
Instructional Activities for Fostering Word Learning
Application to Writing
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Appendix
Chapter Nine: Comprehension Instruction: Retelling Narrative Text
The Importance of Retelling
What is an Effective Retelling?
How is an Understanding of Narrative Structure Developed?
The Informal Inventory as an Indicator of Ability to Retell Narrative Text
General Principles for Developing Narrative Retelling
Biographies: Bridging Narrative and Expository Text
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Writing
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Ten: Comprehension Instruction: Expository Retelling
Retelling Expository Text
The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Ability to Retell Expository Text
General Principles for Developing Effective Expository Retellings
Instructional Strategies for Constructing Expository Retellings
Expository Idea Map
Main Idea Map
Application to Writing
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Appendix
Chapter Eleven: Comprehension Instruction: Answering Questions
The Complexity of Answering Questions
The Importance of Self-Questioning
The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Ability to Answer Questions
General Principles for Helping Students to Answer Questions
Instructional Activities for Answering Questions
Application to Writing
Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners 206
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Twelve: Comprehension Instruction: General Interactive Strategies
The Importance of Comprehension Strategies
The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Problems with Comprehension
Frameworks for Interactive Teaching of Comprehension Strategies
Application to Writing
Application to English Language Learners
Application to Adolescent Learners
Response to Intervention
Summary
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter Thirteen: Pulling It All Together: Designing the Intervention Structure
Primary Level
Intermediate Level
Middle Level
Generic Intervention Plan
Summary
Appendix Summary of Intervention Strategies
Index
