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Produktbild: Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer
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Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

02.03.2012

Verlag

Pearson Education Limited

Seitenzahl

408

Maße (L/B/H)

26/20,8/2,6 cm

Gewicht

1057 g

Auflage

7

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-205-81031-4

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

02.03.2012

Verlag

Pearson Education Limited

Seitenzahl

408

Maße (L/B/H)

26/20,8/2,6 cm

Gewicht

1057 g

Auflage

7

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-205-81031-4

Herstelleradresse

Pearson
St.-Martin-Straße 82
81541 München
DE

Email: salesde@pearson.com

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  • Produktbild: Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer


  • In this Section:


    1. Brief Table of Contents

    2. Full Table of Contents


    1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I GETTING STARTED

    • Chapter 1 Behavioral Research and the Scientific Method

    • Chapter 2 From Hunches to Testable Hypotheses

    • Chapter 3 Ethical Considerations and Guidelines


    PART II OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT

    • Chapter 4 Methods of Systematic Observation

    • Chapter 5 Methods for Looking Within Ourselves

    • Chapter 6 Reliability and Validity in Measurement and Research


    PART III DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

    • Chapter 7 Randomized Experiments and Causal Inference

    • Chapter 8 Nonrandomized Research and Causal Reasoning

    • Chapter 9 Survey Research and Subject Recruitment


    PART IV DESCRIBING DATA AND DRAWING INFERENCES

    • Chapter 10 Summarizing the Data

    • Chapter 11 Correlating Variables

    • Chapter 12 Understanding p Values and Effect Size Indicators


    PART V STATISTICAL TESTS

    • Chapter 13 The Comparison of Two Conditions

    • Chapter 14 Comparisons of More Than Two Conditions

    • Chapter 15 The Analysis of Frequency Tables


    Appendices

    • Appendix A Reporting Your Research Results

    • Appendix B Statistical Tables

    • Appendix C Introduction to Meta-Analysis


    2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS


    • Chapter 1: Behavioral Research and the Scientific Method


      • Preview Questions

      • Why Study Research Methods and Data Analysis?

      • What Alternatives Are There to the Scientific Method?

      • How Do Scientists Use Empirical Reasoning?

      • How Is Empirical Reasoning Used in Behavioral Research?

      • How Do Extraempirical Factors Come Into Play?

      • What Does Behavioral Science Cover?

      • How Does Research Go From Descriptive to Relational to Experimental?

      • What Are the Characteristics of Good Researchers?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 2: From Hunches to Testable Hypotheses


      • Preview Questions

      • What Is Meant by a Cycle of Discovery and Justification?

      • What Are Hypothesis-Generating Heuristics?

      • What Is the Potential Role of Serendipity

      • How Can I Do a LiteratureSearch?

      • How Should I Go About Defining Variables?

      • What Identifies “Good” Theories and Working Hypotheses?

      • What Is the Distinction Between an Independent Variable and Dependent Variable?

      • What Belongs in My Research Proposal?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 3: Ethical Considerations and Guidelines


      • Preview Questions

      • How Do Ethical Guidelines in Research Function?

      • What Is Informed Consent, and When Is It Used?

      • How Are Ethics Reviews Done and Acted On?

      • What Are Obstacles to the Rendering of “Full Justice”?

      • How Can a “Relationship of Trust” Be Established?

      • How Do Scientific Quality and Ethical Quality Intertwine?

      • Is Deception in Research Ever Justified?

      • What Is the Purpose of Debriefing, and How Is It Done?

      • How Is Animal Research Governed by Ethical Rules?

      • What Ethical Responsibilities Are There When Writing Up Research?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 4: Methods of Systematic Observation


      • Preview Questions

      • What Is Meant by Systematic Observation?

      • How Do Researchers Simultaneously Participate and Observe?

      • What Can Be Learned from Quantifying Observations?

      • How Are Judgment Studies Done?

      • How Does Content Analysis Work?

      • How Are Situations Simulated in Controlled Settings?

      • What Are Plausible Rival Hypotheses and the Third-Variable Problem?

      • What Is the Distinction Between Reactive and Nonreactive Observation?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 5: Methods for Looking Within Ourselves


      • Preview Questions

      • What Are the Uses and Limitations of Self-Report Measures?

      • What Are Open-Ended and Fixed-Choice Items?

      • How Are Personality and Projective Tests Used?

      • What Is Meant By Measuring Implicit Attitudes?

      • What Are Numerical, Forced-Choice, and Graphic Ratings?

      • What Are Rating Errors, and How Are They Controlled?

      • What Is the Semantic Differential Method?

      • What Are Likert Scales and Thurstone Scales?

      • How Are Items Prepared for a Questionnaire or an Interview?

      • How Are Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews Done?

      • How Are Behavioral Diaries Used in Research?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 6: Reliability and Validity in Measurement and Research


      • Preview Questions

      • What Is the Difference Between Validity and Reliability?

      • What Are Random and Systematic Errors?

      • What Is the Purpose of Retest and Alternate-Form Reliability?

      • What Is Internal-Consistency Reliability, and How Is It Increased?

      • What Is Acceptable Test-Retest and Internal-Consistency Reliability?

      • How Is the Reliability of Judges Measured?

      • How Is Reliability Related to Replication and External Validity?

      • How Are Content and Criterion Validity Defined?

      • How Is Construct Validity Assessed in Test Development?

      • How Is Construct Validity Relevant to Experimental Design?

      • What Is the Importance of Statistical-Conclusion Validity and Internal Validity?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 7: Randomized Experiments and Causal Inference


      • Preview Questions

      • What Is the Purpose of Randomized Experiments?

      • How Is Random Assignment Accomplished?

      • What Are Between-Subjects Designs?

      • What Is the Formative Logic of Experimental Control

      • What Are Within-Subjects Designs?

      • What Are Factorial Designs?

      • What Is Meant by Counterbalancing the Conditions?

      • Why Is Causality Said To Be “Shrouded in Mystery”?

      • How Do Scientists Logically Puzzle Out Efficient Causality?

      • What Conditions Pose a Threat to Internal Validity?

      • What Are Artifacts in Research?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 8: Nonrandomized Research and Causal Reasoning


      • Preview Questions

      • How Is Causal Reasoning Attempted in the Absence of Randomization?

      • How Is the Third-Variable Problem Relevant?

      • What Is Meant By Subclassification on Propensity Scores?

      • What Are Time-Series Designs and “Found Experiments”?

      • What Within-Subjects Designs Are Used in Single-Case Experiments?

      • How Are Correlations Interpreted in Cross-Lagged Panel Designs?

      • What Is the Purpose of Longitudinal Research Using Cohorts?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 9: Survey Research and Subject Recruitment


      • Preview Questions

      • What Are Opportunity and Probability Samples?

      • What Is Meant by Bias and Instability in Survey Research?

      • Why Do We Not Know “For Sure” the Bias in Sampling?

      • How Is Simple Random Sampling Done?

      • What Are Stratified Random Sampling and Area Probability Sampling?

      • What Did the Literary Digest Case Teach Pollsters?

      • What Are Point Estimates and Interval Estimates?

      • What Are the Benefits of Stratification?

      • How Is Nonresponse Bias Handled in Survey Research?

      • What Are the Typical Characteristics of Volunteer Subjects?

      • How Is Volunteer Bias in Opportunity Samples Managed?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 10: Summarizing the Data


      • Preview Questions

      • How Is Visual Integrity Ensured When Results Are Graphed?

      • How Are Frequencies Displayed in Tables, Bar Graphs, and Line Graphs?

      • How Do Stem-and-Leaf Charts Work?

      • How Are Percentiles Used to Summarize Part of a Batch?

      • How Is an Exploratory Data Analysis Done?

      • How Does Asymmetry Affect Measures of Central Tendency?

      • How Do I Measure How “Spread Out” a Set of Scores Is?

      • What Are Descriptive and Inferential Measures?

      • How Do I Estimate a Confidence Interval Around a Population Mean?

      • What Is Distinctive About the Normal Distribution?

      • Why Are z Scores Called Standard Scores, and How Are They Used?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 11: Correlating Variables


      • Preview Questions

      • What Are Different Forms of Correlations?

      • How Are Correlations Visualized in Scatter Plots?

      • How Is a Product-Moment Correlation Calculated?

      • How Is Dummy Coding Used in Correlation?

      • When Is the Phi Coefficient Used?

      • How Is a Correlation Calculated on Ranks?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 12: Understanding p Values and Effect Size Indicators


      • Preview Questions


      • Why Is It Important to Focus Not Just on
        p
        Values?

      • What Is the Reasoning Behind Null Hypothesis Significance Testing?

      • What Is the Distinction Between Type I and Type II Error?


      • What Are One-Tailed and Two-Tailed
        p
        Values?

      • What Is the Counternull Statistic?

      • What Is the Purpose of Doing a Power Analysis?

      • How Do I Estimate a Confidence Interval for an Effect Size Correlation?

      • What Can Effect Sizes Tell Us of Practical Importance?


      • What Does Killeen’s
        p
        rep
        Tell Me?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 13: The Comparison of Two Conditions


      • Preview Questions


      • What Do Signal-to-Noise Ratios Have to Do With
        t
        Tests?


      • How Do I Compute an Independent-Sample
        t
        Test?


      • What Can a Table of
        p
        Values for
        t
        Teach Me?


      • What Is an Effect Size Index for an Independent-Sample
        t
        ?


      • How Do I Interpret Cohen’s
        d
        for Independent Groups?


      • How Do I Compute Interval Estimates for Cohen’s
        d
        ?


      • How Can I Maximize the Independent-Sample
        t
        ?


      • How Does a Paired
        t
        Test Differ From an Independent-Sample
        t
        Test?


      • What Is an Effect Size Index for a Paired
        t
        ?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 14: Comparisons of More Than Two Conditions


      • Preview Questions


      • What Is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and How Are
        F
        and
        t
        Related?

      • How Is Variability Apportioned in a One-Way ANOVA?

      • How Are ANOVA Summary Tables Set Up and Interpreted?


      • How Can I Test for Simple Effects After an Omnibus
        F
        ?

      • How Is Variability Apportioned in a Two-Way ANOVA?

      • How Do I Interpret Main and Interaction Effects?

      • How Is a Two-Way ANOVA Computed and a Summary Table Set Up?

      • What Are Contrasts, and How Do I Compute Them On More Than Two Groups?


      • What Do
        r

        effect size
        r
        alerting

        and
        r
        contrast
        Tell Me?

      • How Are Contrasts on Multiple Repeated Measures Computed?

      • How Are Latin Square Designs Analyzed?

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    • Chapter 15: The Analysis of Frequency Tables


      • Preview Questions


      • What Is the Purpose of Chi-Square (
        X
        2
        )?


      • How Do I Compute 1-
        df
        Chi-Squares?


      • How Do I Obtain the
        p
        Value, Effect Size, and Confidence Interval?


      • What Is the Relationship Between 1
        df X

        2
        and Phi?


      • How Do I Deal With Tables Larger Than 2
        X
        2?

      • How Is Standardizing the Margins Done, and What Can It Tell Me?

      • What Is a Binomial Effect-Size Display Used For?

      • A Journey Begun

      • Summary of Ideas

      • Key Terms

      • Multiple-Choice Questions for Review

      • Discussion Questions for Review

      • Answers to Review Questions




    Appendix A Reporting Your Research Results

    • Research Reports in APA Style

    • Getting Started

    • Title Page

    • Abstract

    • Introduction

    • Method

    • Results

    • Discussion

    • References

    • Footnotes

    • Tables and Figures

    • Appendix

    • Writing and Revising


    Appendix B Statistical Tables


    • B.1.
      z
      Values and Their Associated One-Tailed
      p
      Values


    • B.2.
      t
      Values and Their Associated One-Tailed and Two-Tailed
      p
      Values


    • B.3.
      F
      Values and Their Associated p Values


    • B.4. r
      2
      Values and Their Associated p Values


    • B.5.
      r
      Values and Their Associated p Values


    • B.6. Transformations of
      r
      to Fisher
      zr


    • B.7. Transformations of Fisher
      zr
      to
      r


    Appendix C Introduction to Meta-Analysis

    • The Purpose of Meta-Analysis

    • Some Pro and Con Arguments

    • Comparing Two Effect Sizes

    • Combining Two Effect Sizes

    • Obtaining an Overall Significance Level

    • Detective-Like Probing of Reported Data

    • The File Drawer Problem


    Glossary of Terms References Name Index Subject Index