Figures xvii
 
Tables xxi
 
Equations xxiii
 
Introduction xxv
 
I BASICS 1
 
1 CLOUD COMPUTING 3
 
1.1 Essential Cloud Characteristics 4
 
1.2 Common Cloud Characteristics 6
 
1.3 But What, Exactly, Is Cloud Computing? 7
 
1.4 Service Models 9
 
1.5 Cloud Deployment Models 11
 
1.6 Roles in Cloud Computing 12
 
1.7 Benefi ts of Cloud Computing 14
 
1.8 Risks of Cloud Computing 15
 
2 VIRTUALIZATION 16
 
2.1 Background 16
 
2.2 What Is Virtualization? 17
 
2.3 Server Virtualization 19
 
2.4 VM Lifecycle 23
 
2.5 Reliability and Availability Risks of Virtualization 28
 
3 SERVICE RELIABILITY AND SERVICE AVAILABILITY 29
 
3.1 Errors and Failures 30
 
3.2 Eight-Ingredient Framework 31
 
3.3 Service Availability 34
 
3.4 Service Reliability 43
 
3.5 Service Latency 46
 
3.6 Redundancy and High Availability 50
 
3.7 High Availability and Disaster Recovery 56
 
3.8 Streaming Services 58
 
3.9 Reliability and Availability Risks of Cloud Computing 62
 
II ANALYSIS 63
 
4 ANALYZING CLOUD RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY 65
 
4.1 Expectations for Service Reliability and Availability 65
 
4.2 Risks of Essential Cloud Characteristics 66
 
4.3 Impacts of Common Cloud Characteristics 70
 
4.4 Risks of Service Models 72
 
4.5 IT Service Management and Availability Risks 74
 
4.6 Outage Risks by Process Area 80
 
4.7 Failure Detection Considerations 83
 
4.8 Risks of Deployment Models 87
 
4.9 Expectations of IaaS Data Centers 87
 
5 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF VIRTUALIZATION 90
 
5.1 Reliability Analysis Techniques 90
 
5.2 Reliability Analysis of Virtualization Techniques 95
 
5.3 Software Failure Rate Analysis 100
 
5.4 Recovery Models 101
 
5.5 Application Architecture Strategies 108
 
5.6 Availability Modeling of Virtualized Recovery Options 110
 
6 HARDWARE RELIABILITY, VIRTUALIZATION, AND SERVICE AVAILABILITY 116
 
6.1 Hardware Downtime Expectations 116
 
6.2 Hardware Failures 117
 
6.3 Hardware Failure Rate 119
 
6.4 Hardware Failure Detection 121
 
6.5 Hardware Failure Containment 122
 
6.6 Hardware Failure Mitigation 122
 
6.7 Mitigating Hardware Failures via Virtualization 124
 
6.8 Virtualized Networks 127
 
6.9 MTTR of Virtualized Hardware 129
 
6.10 Discussion 131
 
7 CAPACITY AND ELASTICITY 132
 
7.1 System Load Basics 132
 
7.2 Overload, Service Reliability, and Service Availability 135
 
7.3 Traditional Capacity Planning 136
 
7.4 Cloud and Capacity 137
 
7.5 Managing Online Capacity 144
 
7.6 Capacity-Related Service Risks 147
 
7.7 Capacity Management Risks 153
 
7.8 Security and Service Availability 157
 
7.9 Architecting for Elastic Growth and Degrowth 162
 
8 SERVICE ORCHESTRATION ANALYSIS 164
 
8.1 Service Orchestration Definition 164
 
8.2 Policy-Based Management 166
 
8.3 Cloud Management 168
 
8.4 Service Orchestration's Role in Risk Mitigation 169

9 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, GEOREDUNDANCY, AND DISASTER RECOVERY 174
 
9.1 Geographic Distribution versus Georedundancy 175
 
9.2 Traditional Disaster Recovery 175
 
9.3 Virtualization and Disaster Recovery 177
 
9.4 Cloud Computing and Disaster Recovery 178
 
9.5 Georedundancy Recovery Models 180
 
9.6 Cloud and