1
Introduction to Infrastructure and Careers in Civil and Environmental Engineering 1
Introduction
1The Prevalence of Infrastructure 3
Infrastructure Systems
5Funding Infrastructure 6
Sustainability
7The Civil and Environmental Engineering Professions 9
Construction
9Environmental 10
Geotechnical 1
0Structural 10
Transportation 1
0Water Resources 10
Integration with Other Professions 1
1Integration with the Public 1
2Professional Issues 13
Licensure 1
3Graduate Degrees 14
Life-Long Learning 1
4Teamwork and Leadership 15
The Future of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1
6Employment Opportunities 17
About This Book 17
2 The Natural Environment 20
Introduction 20
Hydrologic Cycle and Hydrologic Budget 21
Watersheds 25
Rivers 26
Habitat/Native Species 28
Wetlands 28
Geologic Formations 29
Groundwater 33
Atmosphere 35
Climate Change 35
3 Structural Infrastructure 40
Prelude to Chapters 3 through 5 40
Introduction 41
Foundations 42
Skyscrapers 43
Schools (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 44
Bridges (ASCE 2009 Grade: C) 44
Dams (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 48
Levees and Floodwalls (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 50
Retaining walls 53
4 Transportation Infrastructure 57
Introduction 57
Roads (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 58
Intersections and Interchanges 61
Parking 63
Traffic Congestion Relief 65
Mass Transit (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 65
Non-Motorized Transportation 69
Aviation (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 70
Waterways (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 71
Ports 72
Locks 72
Tunnels 73
Rail (ASCE 2009 Grade: C-) 75
5 Environmental and Energy Infrastructure 79
Introduction 79
Energy (ASCE 2009 Grade: D+) 80
Energy Sources 80
Energy Transport 80
Energy Generation 80
Distribution 82
Drinking Water (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 82
Sources and Demand 83
Storage 83
Conveyance 84
Treatment 84
Distribution 85
Wastewater (ASCE 2009 Grade: D-) 86
Sources 87
Conveyance 87
Treatment 89
Discharge 90
Stormwater 90
Collection and Conveyance 90
Culverts 91
Storage 92
Treatment 93
Parks and Recreation (ASCE 2009 Grade: C-) 95
Solid Waste (ASCE 2009 Grade: C+) 97
Collection 97
Transfer 97
Recycling and Reuse 98
Composting 99
Landfills 99
Incinerators 100
Hazardous Waste (ASCE 2009 Grade: D) 101
Superfund 101
Brownfields 101
6 Construction Sites 104
Introduction 104
Security 105
Staging Areas 105
Equipment 105
Trailers and Storage Containers 105
Cranes 106
Excavators 106
Bulldozers 107
Loaders 107
Skidsteers 108
Dump Trucks 109
Earthmovers 109
Lifts 110
Blasting Equipment 110
Piledrivers 111
Dewatering 111
Ready-Mix Concrete Trucks 112
Concrete Pumping 112
Concrete Forms 112
Falsework 113
Utilities 114
Erosion Control 115
7 Infrastructure Systems 120
Introduction 120
Systems Overview 123
Infrastructure Components as Systems 126
Intra-Sector Systems 126
Inter-Sector Systems 128
The "Big Picture" System 131
8 History, Heritage, and Future 137
Introduction 137
Themes 140
Transportation 141
Roads 141
Canals 143
Bridges 145
Water Distribution and Treatment 147
Water Distribution 147
Water Treatment 149
Wastewater Conveyance and Treatment 150
Wastewater Conveyance 150
Wastewater Treatment 151
And Then There Was More. . . 151
The Future 151
9 Analysis Fundamentals 156
Introduction 156
The Nature of Analysis 158
The Analysis Process 159
Case Study: Creation of the Rational Method 165
Analysis Applications 167
Construction Engineering Analysis Application-Gantt Charts 167
Environmental/Water Resources Engineering Analysis Application-Open Channels 168
Geotechnical Engineering Analysis Application-Soil Size Analysis 170
Municipal Engineering Analysis Application-Stormwater Runoff 173
Structural Engineering Analysis Application-Tension and Compression in Beams 174
Transportation Engineering Analysis Application-Pavement Analysis 176
10 Design Fundamentals 181
Introduction 181
The Design Process 182
Problem (Need) Identification 183
Collection of Background Information 184
Development of Alternative Designs 185
Evaluation of Designs 186
Selection of Best Design 187
Documenting the Design 189
Implementation of Solution 189
Design Factors 190
Design Constraints 190
Regulations 190
Standards 191
Safety Factors 191
Acceptable Risk 192
Design Life 192
Case Study: Chicago River Reversal 193
Design Applications 195
Construction Engineering Design Application-Cut and Fill 195
Environmental Engineering Design Application-Septic Systems 197
Geotechnical Engineering Design Application-Footings 201
Municipal Engineering Design Application-Land Development 204
Structural Engineering Design Application-Bridges 206
Transportation Engineering Design Application-Inlet Spacing 206
11 Planning Considerations 212
Introduction 212
The Need for Planning 214
Infrastructure Planning 218
Transportation Planning 221
Land Use Planning 224
Regional Planning 227
Emergency Planning 229
Population Projections 231
12 Energy Considerations 237
Introduction 237
Background 238
Energy Trends and Predicting Demand 239
Sources of Energy 243
Environmental Impacts 244
Energy as an Infrastructure Consideration 247
Transportation Sector Energy Use 248
Buildings 249
Wastewater Treatment 250
Landfills 251
13 Sustainability Considerations 254
Introduction 254
The Needs of the World 257
Resource Demand 262
Measures of Sustainability 266
The Role of Civil and Environmental Engineers in Promoting Sustainability 267
Sustainable Design 268
Green Buildings 269
Sustainable Land Development 272
Water Reuse 272
14 Economic Considerations 277
Introduction 277
The Relationship Between Infrastructure and the Economy 279
Sources of Funds 280
Funding Local Projects 280
Funding State and Federal Projects 284
Consideration of Project Economics 286
15 Environmental Considerations 293
Introduction 293
Environmental Protection 294
Environmental Impacts 299
Land Development 299
Building Demolition 300
Wastewater Treatment 300
Highways 301
Dams 301
The Good (Bad?) Ole Days 302
Environmental Regulations 303
Environmental Complexity 305
16 Social Considerations 310
Introduction 310
Welcoming the Challenge 313
Social Impact Assessment 313
Displacement 314
Neighborhood Cohesion 315
Health 318
Environmental Justice 319
17 Ethical Considerations 324
Introduction 324
Ethics and Engineering 325
Codes of Ethics 327
Ethical Decision-Making Framework 330
Case Study 331
Corruption 333
18 Security Considerations 340
Introduction 340
Economic Impacts and Infrastructure Security 343
Critical Infrastructure 344
Designing for Failure 346
Water Security 346
Energy Security 349
Transportation Security 350
Risk Considerations 352
19 Other (No Less Important) Considerations 356
Introduction 357
Safety Considerations 357
Protecting the Public 357
Protecting Operations and Maintenance Workers 358
Protecting Construction Workers 359
Maintenance Considerations 363
Constructability Considerations 364
Aesthetic Considerations 368
Political Considerations 369
Legal Considerations 373
Torts 374
Contracts 375
Property Law 376
20 Analysis II 381
Introduction 381
Construction Engineering: Critical Path Method 382
Environmental Engineering: Air Pollution 383
Geotechnical Engineering: Katrina Floodwalls 386
Structural Engineering: Deflection of Beams 388
Transportation Engineering: Transportation Impact Study 392
21 Design II 397
Introduction 397
Construction Engineering: Concrete Mix and Formwork 398
Environmental Engineering: Primary Treatment of Wastewater 404
Geotechnical Engineering: Floodwalls 407
Structural Engineering: Design of Structural Members 410
Transportation Engineering: Horizontal Curves 413
Index 421
