Boundary Conditions for Microbial Life at Low Temperatures.- The Climate of Snow and Ice as Boundary Condition for Microbial Life.- Limits for Microbial Life at Subzero Temperatures.- Microbial Diversity in Cold Ecosystems.- Bacteria in Snow and Glacier Ice.- Bacteria in Subglacial Environments.- Bacteria in the Deep Sea: Psychropiezophiles.- Bacteria in Permafrost.- Anaerobic Bacteria and Archaea in Cold Ecosystems.- Cyanobacteria in Cold Ecosystems.- Fungi in Cold Ecosystems.- Cold-Active Viruses.- Molecular Adaptations to Cold Habitats.- Membrane Components and Cold Sensing.- Cold-Shock Proteins.- Fundamentals of Cold-Adapted Enzymes.- Cryoprotectants and Ice-Binding Proteins.- The Role of Exopolymers in Microbial Adaptation to Sea Ice.- Genomic Analysis of Psychrophilic Prokaryotes.- Microalgae in Polar Regions: Linking Functional Genomics and Physiology with Environmental Conditions.- Metagenomics: Microbial Community Genomes Revealed.- Proteomic Studies of Psychrophilic Microorganisms.- Biotechnological Aspects.- Biotechnological Aspects of Cold-Adapted Enzymes.- Heterologous Protein Expression in Psychrophilic Hosts.- Cold-Adapted Fungi as a Source for Valuable Metabolites.- Natural and Stimulated Biodegradation of Petroleum in Cold Marine Environments.- Microbial Adaptation to Boreal Saturated Subsurface: Implications in Bioremediation of Polychlorophenols.- Biological Iron Oxidation and Sulfate Reduction in the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage at Low Temperatures.