Editors' Biographies
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Acronyms
1 Introduction and Background 1
Thomas Sälzer and Matthew Baker
1.1 The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS 1
1.2 Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution 7
1.3 Technologies for the Long Term Evolution 14
1.4 From Theory to Practice 20
References 21
Part I Network Architecture and Protocols 23
2 Network Architecture 25
Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Overall Architectural Overview 26
2.3 Protocol Architecture 32
2.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers 34
2.5 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: S1 Interface 40
2.6 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface 49
2.7 Summary 55
References 55
3 Control Plane Protocols 57
Himke van der Velde
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 58
3.3 PLMN and Cell Selection 78
3.4 Paging 84
3.5 Summary 86
References 86
4 User Plane Protocols 87
Patrick Fischer, SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun and YoungDae Lee
4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack 87
4.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 89
4.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) 98
4.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) 108
4.5 Summary of the User Plane Protocols 120
References 120
Part II Physical Layer for Downlink 121
5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 123
Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slock
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 OFDM 125
5.3 OFDMA 137
5.4 Parameter Dimensioning 139
5.5 Summary 142
References 142
6 Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design 145
Matthew Baker
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Transmission Resource Structure 145
6.3 Signal Structure 148
6.4 Introduction to Downlink Operation 149
References 150
7 Synchronization and Cell Search 151
Fabrizio Tomatis and Stefania Sesia
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE 151
7.3 Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection 161
References 163
8 Reference Signals and Channel Estimation 165
Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Gorokhov
8.1 Introduction 165
8.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink 167
8.2.1 Cell-Specific Reference Signals 168
8.3 RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation 174
8.4 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 178
8.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation 181
8.6 Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation 184
8.7 Advanced Techniques 185
References 186
9 Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels 189
Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley
9.1 Introduction 189
9.2 Downlink Data-Transporting Channels 189
9.3 Downlink Control Channels 196
References 214
10 Link Adaptation and Channel Coding 215
Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesia and Issam Toufik
10.1 Introduction 215
10.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback 217
10.3 Channel Coding 223
10.4 Conclusions 245
References 246
11 Multiple Antenna Techniques 249
Thomas Sälzer, David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe
11.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory 249
11.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE 262
11.3 Summary 276
References 277
12 Multi-User Scheduling and Interference Coordination 279
Issam Toufik and Raymond Knopp
12.1 Introduction 279
12.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies 280
12.3 Scheduling Algorithms 283
12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE 286
12.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse 287
12.6 Summary 291
References 292
13 Broadcast Operation 293
Himke van der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker
13.1 Introduction 293
13.2 Broadcast Modes 293
13.3 Overall MBMS Architecture 295
13.4 MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission 297
13.5 MBMS Characteristics 303
13.6 Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling 304
13.7 Public Warning Systems 312
13.8 Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes 312
References 314
Part III Physical Layer for Uplink 315
14 Uplink Physical Layer Design 317
Robert Love and Vijay Nangia
14.1 Introduction 317
14.2 SC-FDMA Principles 318
14.3 SC-FDMA Design in LTE 321
14.4 Summary 325
References 326
15 Uplink Reference Signals 327
Robert Love and Vijay Nangia
15.1 Introduction 327
15.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation 328
15.3 Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning 332
15.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping 333
15.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) 335
15.6 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) 337
15.7 Summary 340
References 341
16 Uplink Physical Channel Structure 343
Robert Love and Vijay Nangia
16.1 Introduction 343
16.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure 344
16.3 Uplink Control Channel Design 348
16.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH 365
16.5 ACK/NACK Repetition 367
16.6 Multiple-Antenna Techniques 367
16.7 Summary 369
References 369
17 Random Access 371
Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang
17.1 Introduction 371
17.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE 371
17.3 Random Access Procedure 372
7.4 Physical Random Access Channel Design 376
17.5 PRACH Implementation 396
17.6 Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH 404
17.7 Concluding Remarks 405
References 406
18 Uplink Transmission Procedures 407
Matthew Baker
18.1 Introduction 407
18.2 Uplink Timing Control 407
18.3 Power Control 411
References 420
Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects 421
19 User Equipment Positioning 423
Karri Ranta-aho and Zukang Shen
19.1 Introduction 423
19.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning 425
19.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning 426
19.4 Cell-ID-based Positioning 431
19.5 LTE Positioning Protocols 433
19.6 Summary and Future Techniques 435
References 436
20 The Radio Propagation Environment 437
Juha Ylitalo and Tommi Jämsä
20.1 Introduction 437
20.2 SISO and SIMO Channel Models 438
20.3 MIMO Channel Models 441
20.4 Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing 454
20.5 Concluding Remarks 455
References 455
21 Radio Frequency Aspects 457
Moray Rumney, Takaharu Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne
21.1 Introduction 457
21.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements 459
21.3 Transmitter RF Requirements 462
21.4 Receiver RF Requirements 474
21.5 RF Impairments 492
21.6 Summary 500
References 501
22 Radio Resource Management 503
Muhammad Kazmi
22.1 Introduction 503
22.2 Cell Search Performance 505
22.3 Mobility Measurements 513
22.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements 516
22.5 Mobility Performance 518
22.6 RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance 525
22.7 Radio Link Monitoring Performance 526
22.8 Concluding Remarks 528
References 529
23 Paired and Unpaired Spectrum 531
Nicholas Anderson
23.1 Introduction 531
23.2 Duplex Modes 532
23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum 533
23.4 Half-Duplex System Design Aspects 544
23.5 Reciprocity 552
24 Picocells, Femtocells and Home eNodeBs 563
Philippe Godin and Nick Whinnett
24.1 Introduction 563
24.2 Home eNodeB Architecture 564
24.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment 569
24.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells 574
24.5 Summary 580
References 580
25 Self-Optimizing Networks 581
Philippe Godin
25.1 Introduction 581
25.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF) 582
25.3 Self-Configuration of eNodeB and MME 584
25.4 Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell Identity 587
25.5 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 587
25.6 Mobility Robustness Optimization 591
25.7 Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization 595
25.8 Energy Saving 596
25.9 Emerging New SON Use Cases 597
References 598
26 LTE System Performance 599
Tetsushi Abe
26.1 Introduction 599
26.2 Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity 599
26.3 LTE Capacity Evaluation 603
26.4 LTE Coverage and Link Budget 608
26.5 Summary 610
References 611
Part V LTE-Advanced 613
27 Introduction to LTE-Advanced 615
Dirk Gerstenberger
27.1 Introduction and Requirements 615
27.2 Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced 618
27.3 Backward Compatibility 619
27.4 Deployment Aspects 620
27.5 UE Categories for LTE-Advanced 621
References 622
28 Carrier Aggregation 623
Juan Montojo and Jelena Damnjanovic
28.1 Introduction 623
28.2 Protocols for Carrier Aggregation 624
28.3 Physical Layer Aspects 631
28.4 UE Transmitter and Receiver Aspects 648
28.5 Summary 650
References 650
29 Multiple Antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced 651
Alex Gorokhov, Amir Farajidana, Kapil Bhattad, Xiliang Luo and Stefan Geirhofer
29.1 Downlink Reference Signals 651
29.2 Uplink Reference Signals 657
29.3 Downlink MIMO Enhancements 659
29.4 Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission 666
29.5 Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) Transmission and Reception 669
29.6 Summary 671
References 671
30 Relaying 673
Eric Hardouin, J. Nicholas Laneman, Alexander Golitschek, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Osvaldo Gonsa
30.1 Introduction 673
30.2 Theoretical Analysis of Relaying 679
30.3 Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced 684
30.4 Summary 699
References 699
31 Additional Features of LTE Release 10 701
Teck Hu, Philippe Godin and Sudeep Palat
31.1 Introduction 701
31.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 701
31.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 710
31.4 Machine-Type Communications 712
References 714
32 LTE-Advanced Performance and Future Developments 715
Takehiro Nakamura and Tetsushi Abe
32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance 715
32.2 Future Developments 718
References 720
Index 721
