Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change xi
Preface to Volume Two xvii
Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change 1
Biological Invasions 11
Functional Biodiversity 20
IGBP Core Projects 37
Impacts of Global Environmental Change on Animals 56
Natural Systems: Impacts of Climate Change 67
Plant Dispersal and Migration 81
Plants - from Cells to Ecosystems: Impacts of Global
Environmental Change 94
Sedimentary Records of Long-term Ecological Change 112
Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems: Impacts of Global Change 122
Allometric 135
Angiosperm/Gymnosperm 135
Animal Physiology and Global Environmental Change 136
Anthropogenic Impacts on Atmospheric Oxygen 140
Autotroph/Heterotroph 143
Benthic/Pelagic 145
Biocenosis 145
Biocomplexity 145
Biodiversity in Freshwaters 146 Biodiversity in Soils and Sediments: Potential Effects of Global Change 152
Biodiversity: The UNEP Definition 159
Biogeochemical Cycle 159
Bioindicators 160
Biome 166
Biome Models 166
Biome-BGC Ecosystem Model 171
Biosphere 174
Biosphere Enhancement Ratio (BER) 175
Biosphere Reserves 175
Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) 177
Boreal Forest 179
Buffering Capacity 184
C3 and C4 Photosynthesis 186
Carbon and Energy: Terrestrial Stores and Fluxes 190
Carbon Cycle 198
Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) 202
CENTURY Ecosystem Model 206
Chaos and Cycles 209
Climax Vegetation 215
CO2 Enrichment: Effects on Ecosystems 215
Community Richness 224
Conservation Biology 228
Controlled Environment Facilities in Global Change Research 228
Coral Bleaching (1997-1998) 231
Coral Reefs: an Ecosystem Subject to Multiple Environmental Threats 232
Crop Models 241
Daisyworld 247
Darwin, Charles Robert 247
Data Banks: Archiving Ecological Data and Information 248
De Wit, C T 259
Deposition, Dry 260
Deposition, Wet 261
Disturbance 261
DIVERSITAS 268
Ecosystem Services and Costing 272
Ecosystem Stability 281
Ecosystem Structure and Function 282
Ecotones 283
Ehrlich, Paul 288
Elton, C S 289
Environment 290
European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH) 290
Eutrophication 292
Evolutionary Processes in Ecosystems 292
Extinctions and Biodiversity in the Fossil Record 297
Extinctions (Contemporary and Future) 301
Fixed Nitrogen 308
Food Webs 308
Forest Gap Models 316
Forest Stand 323
Forest: the FAO Definition 324
Fragmentation and Corridors 324
Freshwater Fisheries 327
Gaia 332
Generic Decomposition and Yield (G'DAY): A Model of
Global Change Impacts on Plant and Soil 332
Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) 336
Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) 337
Habitat 339
Halophyte/Halophobe 339
Holdridge Life Zone Classification 339
Holling, C S 340
Hutchinson, G Evelyn 341
Hydrology 343
IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) 350
IGBP-DIS (International Geosphere-Biosphere Program Data and Information System) 351
IGBP Terrestrial Transects 351
Infectious Diseases 357
Inter American Institute for Global Change (IAIGC) 363
International Biosphere Program (IBP) - a Foundation for Global Studies 364
Intertidal Zones 365
Iron Cycle 369
Keystone Species 375
Lakes and Rivers 375
Landscape Ecology 383
Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) 383
Life Cycles 385
LOICZ (Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone) 389
Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) System 390
Mangrove Ecosystems 395
Margalef, Ramon 401
May, Robert M 401
Mercury in the Environment 402
Metadata 409
Metapopulations 411
Microbial Diversity 421
Monsi, Masami 426
Mooney, Harold A 426
Natural Capital 428
Niche 429
Nitrogen Cycle 429
Nitrogen Deposition on Forests 435
Nitrogen Fixers 442
Nitrogen Mineralization 446
Non-equilibrium Ecology 446
Non-linear Systems 450
Odum, Eugene P 456
OH-Radical: is the Cleansing Capacity of the Atmosphere Changing? 457
Oligotrophic/Heterotrophic/Eutrophic 458
PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) 460
Passerine 460
PET (Potential Evapotranspiration) 461
Phenology 461
Phenotype/Genotype 465
Phosphorus Cycle 466
Photosynthesis 470
Phytophagy 471
Plant Competition in an Elevated CO2 World 471
Plant Functional Types 481
Plant Growthat ElevatedCO2 489
Plant Ontogeny 496
Plants - Carbon Balance and Growth 497
Population Sizes, Changes 504
Productivity 515
Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems 516
Raven, Peter 522
Redfield Ratio 522
Redox Potential 523
Remote Sensing 524
Remote Sensing, Terrestrial Systems 528
Resilience 530
Respiration 531
Restoration, Ecosystem 532
Rhizosphere 539
r -K Strategies 540
Rodin, Leonid E 540
Rosswall, Per Thomas 541
Salinization 543
Soil Mineralization 543
Stable Isotopes 544
Succession, Definition of 550
Succession 551
Suess Effect 557
Symbiosis 557
Tamm, Carl Olof 559
Taxon 560
Taxonomy/Systematics 560
Temperate Coniferous Forests 560
Temperate Deciduous Forests 565
Temperate Grasslands 569
Temperature Increase: Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems 575
Thornthwaite, Charles Warren 581
Tropical Forests 582
Tropical Savannas 586
Tucker, Jim 592
Tundra 593
Vegetation Ecosystem Model and Analysis Project (VEMAP) 603
Vernadsky, Vladimir 604
Volatile Organic Compounds, Biogenic (VOCs) 605
von Humboldt, Alexander 609
Weed 611
Whittaker, Robert H 611
Wilson, Edward Osborne 612
Woodwell, George Masters 613