Introduction; 1. General methodology; 2. The Upper Pleistocene pathology of Sunda and Sahul; 3. Pathology in Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Australian hominids; 4. Stress in traditional Aboriginal society; 5. Infectious disease; 6. Osteoarthritis; 7. Trauma; 8. Dental disease; 9. Neoplastic disease; 10. Congenital disease; 11. The pathology of a Late Holocene Papua New Guinea community (Motupore); 12. A personal view of the reburial issue in Australia; 13. Conclusion.