Introduction: Heritage Microbiology, Science And the Mary Rose: What are we trying to achieve? Introduction; Background; Conference Themes and the Mary Rose; What are we trying to achieve? Conclusion; Part 1: Heritage Monuments and Materials; Heritage Research and Practice: Towards a better understanding? Introduction; Evaluation of Biodeterioration Processes; Biodeterioration Mechanisms; Exogenic Parameters; Biofilm - A Stabilising Microniche; Environmental Conditions for Biodeterioration Processes; Microbiological Assessment of Biodeterioration Impacts; Microbiology and Archaeology - Case Studies; Terracotta Army in Xian / China (Polychrome Coatings); Nydam Mose / Denmark (Metals); Temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia (Natural Stone); Archaeological Site of Milet in Turkey (Waterlogged Marble); Prospective Needs for an Interdisciplinary Approach in Conservation Microbiology; Mapping Decay: GIS, Microbes and Stone Degradation across Scales; Introduction; Geographical Information Systems; Use of Images for Classifying Degradation; Illustrations of Mapping Degradation in a GIS; Conclusions; Microbial Colonisation of Historic Buildings in Latin America; Introduction; Methods; Sites and Sampling; Detection and Identification; Results and Discussion Analysis of Bacterial Communities on an Antique Stained Glass Window; Introduction; Methods and Results; Deterioration on the window "NativitÓ"; Sampling, Growth Conditions and Phenotypical Characterization; Molecular Characterization; Conclusions; Assessing the Suitability of Novel Biocides for use on Historic Surfaces; Introduction; Methods and Results; Compatibility of Novel Treatments with Conservation Products; Tests on Sandstone; Accelerated Weathering; Tests on Traditional Painted Plaster; Field Studies; Test Surfaces; Test Rigs; Treatments; Effectiveness Measurements; Fluorescence and Colour Measurements after Treatment Application; Post-Treatment Assessment; The Occurrence of Heterotrophic Microorganisms on Heritage Surfaces; Discussion; Conclusion; Biocalcification: The Context for Bioremediation; Introduction; Biomineralization; Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization; Monumental Stone Decay and Conservation; Bioremediation for Conservation; Methods and Results; On-site Application; Bio-inducing Macromolecules Solutions (BIMSs); Methodology of Application; BMT Evaluation; On-site results; Conclusions; The Biobrush Project for Bioremediation of Heritage Stone; A Need for Stone Conservation; Rationale for Biobrush Research; Collection and Analysis of Encrusted Stone from Historic Buildings; Selection and Screening of Bacterial Cultures for use in Bioremediation; Evaluation of Delivery Systems to carry Biological Agents onto the Stone; Mineral Changes in Stones during Bioremediation Treatment; Field Trials of Bioremediation on Buildings and Monuments; Recommended Methodologies; Implications of Biobrush Research; Part 2: Molecular Methods for Heritage Artefacts and Monuments; Molecular Studies for Cultural Heritage: State of the Art; Introduction; Previous Methods for the Detection of Microorganisms; Culture-Independent Methods to Detect Microorganisms; Recent Advancements for Detecting Microorganisms; MDA-PCR Amplifications; DNA Library Screening; Detection and Analysis of Chimeras; Analysis Based on DNA and RNA; Further Perspectives; Bacteria in Archaeological and Waterlogged Wood: Molecular Protocols for Diversity and Community Studies; Introduction; Waterlogged Wood and its Microbiology; Extraction of Nucleic Acids from Wood; Overcoming Low Quantities of Impure Nucleic Acids; PCR and the Separation of Mixed-Origin PCR Products; Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation and Waterlogged Wood; Conclusions; Synchrotron Radiation for the Investigation of Objects of Cultural Heritage Value; Introduction; Synchrotron Radiation; Examples of Synchrotron Science as Applied to Heritage Materials; Archaeological Iron; Erosion of Carbonate Building Materials; Textile Fibres from the Qumran Caves; Corinthian Style Helmet from Ancient Greece; Conclusions; Summary; Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) as Molecular Tool to Study Bacteria causing Biodeterioration; Introduction; FISH Applied to the Study of Biodeterioration of Works of Art; Limits and Advantages of FISH to Study Microbial Communities associated with Biodeterioration; Methods that Enhance the Signal; Identification of Bacteria from Waterlogged Archaeological Wood; Introduction; Method and Results; Sampling; Cultivation; DNA-Based Identification; DNA Extraction; PCR Amplification and Construction of 16S rDNA Clone Libraries and T-RFLP Community Fingerprinting; Sequencing of 16S rDNA Inserts and Phylogenetic Analysis; Conclusions; Summary; Novel Combined Approach Based on Phospholipid Fatty Acids and 16S-rDNA PCR-SSCP Analyses to Characterise Fouling Biofilms on Historic Monuments; Introduction; Culture-Independent Approaches to Characterise Microbial Communities; Materials and Methods; Site Description; Sample Collection; Biomarker Analysis; DNA Extraction, PCR-SSCP and Sequencing of DNA; Digital Image Analysis; Nucleic Acid and Phylogenetic Analyses Results; Biofilm Biomass and PLFA Profiles; Discussion; Biomass and Diversity of Epilithic Biofilms; Conclusions; On the Use of 23S rRNA Gene Sequences to Assess a High Diversity of Acidobacteria in Altamira Cave; Introduction; Materials and Methods; Sampling and DNA Extraction; Amplification of Acidobacterial rDNA and Construction of Clone Libraries; Phylogenetic Analyses and Tree Reconstruction based on rDNA Sequences; Results and Discussion; Conclusions; Part 3: Historic Ships and their Preservation; The In-Situ Preservation of Archaeological Sites Underwater: An Evaluation of some Techniques; Introduction; Why In-Situ Preservation? Threats to Underwater Archaeological Heritage; Measuring the Extent of Deterioration; Examples of Techniques used for In-Situ Protection; The "Polders", The Netherlands; Red Bay, Canada; The Bzn Wrecks, The Netherlands; The Darsser Cog, Germany; The Avondster, Sri Lanka; Roman Quay, The Netherlands; Thirteenth Century Wreck, Denmark; William Salthouse, Australia; The Zakynthos Wreck, Greece; Colossus, United Kingdom; James Matthews, Australia; Fredericus (Raar-Project), Sweden; Conclusions and Future Directions; Molecular Bacterial Diversity in the Timbers of the Tudor Warship the Mary Rose; Introduction; Role of Bacteria in the Sulfur and Iron Cycles; Molecular Diversity of Bacteria associated with Buried and Raised Ship Timbers; Conclusions; Timber Conservation on Nelson's Flagship HMS Victory; Introduction; Original Construction; The Early Years; Into Drydock 1922; Restoration and Repair in the 1920s; The 1955-64 Great Repair; Completion of the Great Repair 1964 - 2000; Timber Supply; Concluding Comments; Summary; Informing the Conservation, Display and Long-Term Preservation of the HMS Victory Trafalgar Sail; Introduction; The Performance of the Canvas; Conservation and Display; Condition Monitoring; Nuclear Magnetic Relaxometry; Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR); Conclusions; Extraction of Iron Compounds from Waterlogged Pine Wood from the Vasa; Introduction; Materials and Methods; Chemicals; Extraction Procedures; Analyses; Results and Discussion; Co-Extraction of other Compounds; Effects on the Wood; Conclusions; Summary; Electrolysis in the Conservation of Large Artefacts: The M33 and the s.v.Cutty Sark; Introduction; Soak Treatment; Electrolytic Treatment; Electrolysis in Conservation; Electrolysis of the M33; Electrolysis of the s.v. Cutty Sark; Conclusions; Summary; Desiccated Storage of Chloride-Contaminated Iron: A Study of the Effects of Loss of Environmental Control; Introduction; Corrosion and Electrolytes; ss Great Britain: A big Corrosion Problem; Implementation of Environmental Control; Chloride-Infested Iron: Corrosion and Corrosion Products; Chloride on the Iron Hull of the ss Great Britain; Modelling Iron Corrosion during Drying of Chloride-Infested Iron; Environmentally-Controlled Storage in Practice; Experimental; Results; Fecl2. 4h2o/ Iron Powder Mix: 15%-22% Relative Humidity (Figure 4); Fecl2.4h2o/ Iron Powder Mix: 15%-30% Relative Humidity (Figure 5); -Feooh/Iron Powder Mix: 15%-22% Relative Humidity (Figure 6); Feooh/Iron Powder Mix: 15%-30% Relative Humidity (Figure 7); Fecl2. 4h2o/Iron Powder Mix: 22%- 65% Relative Humidity (Figure 8); Discussion; Endnote; Microbiology and Art: An Education Opportunity; Introduction; Applied Microbiology; Microbiology and Art; Deterioration of Art; Beauty of Microorganisms; Microorganisms in Art; Combining Microbiology and Art; Microbiology And...; Concluding Remarks
