Echocardiography for the Neonatologist

Section I: Physics of Ultrasound and Imaging the Structurally Normal Heart.Part 1: Imaging. Physics, Principles and Safety of Ultrasound Scanning. Basic Features and Controls of an Ultrasound Scanner. Essential Cardiac Anatomy. Obtaining the Standard Echocardiographic Views. M-Mode Echocardiography. Part 2: Doppler Ultrasound. The Doppler Effect and Its Applications in Echocardiography. Normal Doppler Measurements in the Newborn. Assessment of Gradient and Regurgitation. Section II: Haemodynamic Assessment.Interatrial Shunting. Ventricular Function. Cardiac Output. Pulmonary Arterial Pressure. Ductal Shunting. Section III: Putting It Into Practice. A Logical Approach to Each Scan: Sequential Chamber Localisation. The Cyanosed Newborn. Excluding Structural Heart Disease. Evaluating the Infant withNon-Structural Heart Disease. Echocardiography and ECMO. The Infant with Heart Failure, Hypotension or Shock. Excluding Structural Heart Disease. Evaluating the Infant with Non-Structural Heart Disease. The Dysmorphic Baby and Other Congenital Heart Diseases. Miscellaneous Applications and Interesting Cases.