Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
Part I The Road to Investigative Psychology 1
The Emergence of Investigative Psychology from Offender Profiling
1 Introducing Investigative Psychology 3
Psychology and Investigations 5
The Emergence of IP 8
Origins in 'Offender Profiling' 8
The Investigative Cycle 10
Disciplines Drawn On by IP 15
Mind the Gap - Bridging Policing and Psychology 15
System Integration versus Expert Opinion 18
Questions that Investigative Psychologists Ask 19
Beyond Crime and Criminals 23
Linking Theory and Practice - The Book Ahead 23
Summary 24
Further Reading 25
Questions for Discussion and Research 25
2 Foundations: Description and Classification 27
Psychology and Investigations 28
Historical Background 29
'Profiling' Emerges 37
The Significance of Inference 40
Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 41
Summary 41
Further Reading 42
Questions for Discussion and Research 43
3 The Coming of the Informed Detective 45
Medical Contributions 46
From Fact to Fiction to Fact 47
Distinguishing Deduction and Induction 52
Reverse Diagnosis 52
Serial Killers 53
Jack the Ripper 54
Beyond Speculation 56
Summary 57
Further Reading 57
Questions for Discussion and Research 58
4 The Age of Profiling and the Road to Investigative Psychology 59
Understanding Criminal Actions 60
The Emergence of Investigative Advice 67
The FBI Behavioral Science Unit 72
The Emergence of Investigative Psychology 73
Summary 76
Further Reading 77
Questions for Discussion and Research 78
Part II Fundamentals 79
A Framework for Studying Criminal Actions and Inferences about Offenders
5 The Radex of Criminality 81
The A¿C Equations 83
The Hierarchy of Criminal Variation 88
A Model of Criminal Variation 96
The Radex of Criminality 111
Development and Change 113
Summary 116
Further Reading 117
Questions for Discussion and Research 118
6 Personal Narratives of Crime 119
The Narratives of Criminality 121
Empirical Study of Criminal Narratives 126
Scripts and Narratives 135
Summary 136
Further Reading 137
Questions for Discussion and Research 137
7 Finding Action Patterns and Drawing Profiles 139
Criminal Actions 140
Salience 144
The Basis for Inferences 148
An Action System of Crime Differentiation 155
The Example of Arson 157
Narratives as Action Systems 160
Forms of Inference: Towards a Narrative Action System Model of Inference 162
Summary 164
Further Reading 165
Questions for Discussion and Research 165
8 Criminal Psychogeography 167
Modelling Criminals' Use of Space 169
The Behavioural Approach and Propinquity 171
The Cognitive Approach and Morphology of Crime Locations 176
Settings for Personal Narratives 181
The Value of Imaginary Maps 186
Temporal Changes 192
Emotionality, Crime Type and Distance 193
Challenges to the Study of Criminal Geography 193
Research Agenda 196
Summary 196
Further Reading 197
Questions for Discussion and Research 197
9 Investigative Information 199
The Challenges of Investigative Information 201
Weaknesses in Identification and Eyewitness Testimony 211
Investigative Interviewing 215
Interview Procedures 217
The Cognitive Interview 218
PACE and PEACE 221
Research Approach to Investigative Information 222
Summary 226
Further Reading 228
Questions for Discussion and Research 229
10 Suspect Interviewing and Deception 231
The People of the Drama: Explanatory Roles in the Investigation of Crime 233
Strengths and Constraints of Investigative Information 233
Suspects 236
Ekman's IEE Approach 237
Psychophysiological Lie Detectors 239
The Reid Approach to Interrogation 240
False Confessions 242
False Allegations 242
Written Accounts 244
Summary 248
Further Reading 248
Questions for Discussion and Research 249
Part III Profiling Criminal Actions 251
Models of Offending Behaviour and Applications of Investigative Psychology
11 Acquisitive Crime 253
Differentiating Acquisitive Crime 255
Problems with Typologies 256
Burglary 257
Modelling Burglary 260
Offending Styles: A Narrative Action System for Burglary 262
Robbery 267
Modelling Robbery 270
Modelling Fraud 275
Differentiating Fraud and Fraudsters 276
Narratives of Fraud 283
Summary 284
Further Reading 285
Questions for Discussion and Research 285
12 Sexual Offences 287
The Role of the Victim in Violent Crime 288
Strategies for Destruction of the Person 291
Differentiating Rape 295
Identifying Different Styles of Rape Action 300
Characteristics of Rapists 302
Sexual Assaults on Males 303
Stalking 305
Summary 314
Further Reading 315
Questions for Discussion and Research 315
13 Murder 317
Murder 319
Offending Style in Murder: Understanding the Context of the Encounter 319
Contract Murder 322
Serial Murder 327
Sexual Murder 344
Offender Characteristics 349
Summary 353
Further Reading 353
Questions for Discussion and Research 354
14 Organised Crime 355
The Social Nature of Crime 356
What is Organised Crime? 358
Cultural Ideologies and Criminal Networks 359
Criminal 'Careers' within Criminal 'Organisations' 361
Social Network Analysis 363
Destructive Organisational Psychology 372
Summary 374
Further Reading 374
Questions for Discussion and Research 375
15 Terrorism 377
The Great Variety of Terrorism 378
Difficulties in Studying Terrorists 379
Modes of Terrorism 382
Explanations for Terrorism 384
Terrorism as Process 386
Summary 390
Further Reading 391
Questions for Discussion and Research 391
16 Investigative Psychology in Action 393
Helping the Police with their Enquiries 394
Assessment and Improvement of Investigative Information 395
Decision Support Systems 399
Dragnet and Other Geographical Profiling Systems 404
Linking Cases (Comparative Case Analysis) 408
Emerging Areas of IP 415
Six Fundamentals of IP 418
The Wider Reaches of an Investigative Psychology 424
Conclusions 425
Further Reading 426
Questions for Discussion and Research 426
Glossary 429
References 437
Index 461
