1. Introduction.- Fundamental Definitions.- Overview of the Book.- 2. An Historical Perspective.- The Colonial Period.- Toward a National Science and Technology Infrastructure.- Toward an Industrial Science and Technology Infrastructure.- World War I and the Years that Followed.- World War II and the Years that Followed.- 3. Economic Growth and Technological Change.- 4. Dimensions of R&D.- Sources of Funding of R&D.- R&D Performers.- R&D by Character of Use.- R&D Activity in Large and Small Firms.- R&D Activity by Geographic Location.- R&D-to-Productivity Growth Relationship.- 5. The Entrepreneurial Process.- 6. Government’s Role in Innovation.- Economic Rationale for Government Involvement.- Barriers to Technology and Market Failure.- 7. The Patent System.- 8. Tax Incentives.- The Economics of Tax Credits.- The R&E Tax Credit.- 9. Research Collaborations.- Semiconductor Research Corporation.- Public Policy Toward Research Collaborations.- Trends in RJVs.- Universities as Research Partners.- Government Laboratories as a Research Partner.- 10. Public/Private Partnerships.- Sematech.- Small Business Innovation Research Program.- Advanced Technology Program.- 11. Infrastructure Technology.- Federal Laboratory System.- National Institute of Standards and Technology.- The Economics of Standards.- 12. An Integrated Entrepreneurial Process.- 13. Labor Market for R&D Scientists and Engineers.- Foreign-Born Scientists and Engineers.- R&D Policy on S&E Labor Markets.- Women in Science.- Forecasting Scientific Labor Markets.- 14. Public Accountability.- Performance Accountability.- Fiscal Accountability.- Systematic Approaches to the Evaluation of Technology-Based Programs.- Program Evaluation.- 15. Conclusions.- References.